Table 2 Results of subgroup analysis

Design type

Prospective

27

1.93(1.64, 2.28)

<0.001

75.8

23

1.60(1.39, 1.84)

<0.001

Retrospective

16

2.05(1.72, 2.45)

<0.001

62.2

17

1.67(1.49, 1.86)

<0.001

Study period

Before 1995

15

1.90(1.61, 2.25)

<0.001

54.4

15

1.59(1.31, 1.93)

<0.001

1995–2004

14

1.72(1.42, 2.08)

<0.001

63.1

15

1.55(1.34, 1.80)

<0.001

2005–2015

14

2.52(1.90, 3.33)

<0.001

83.7

10

1.79(1.55, 2.06)

<0.001

Study location

Africa

24

2.18(1.84, 2.59)

<0.001

73.5

19

1.56(1.40, 1.75)

<0.001

America

11

1.80(1.49, 2.19)

<0.001

73.1

11

1.69(1.53, 1.88)

<0.001

Europe

2

1.34(0.90, 2.00)^a,

0.15

0

5

1.40(0.73, 2.68)^a

0.32

Asia

6

1.99(1.05, 3.74)

0.03

77.3

5

1.60(1.10, 2.35)

0.02

Country economic

Developing

31

2.12(1.81, 2.48)

<0.001

72.5

26

1.60(1.44, 1.76)

<0.001

Developed

12

1.75(1.44, 2.12)

<0.001

71.9

14

1.67(1.41, 1.98)

<0.001

ARVs exposure

No

10

1.75(1.42, 2.17)

<0.001

51.7

9

1.54(1.23, 1.92)

<0.001

Not stated

17

2.07(1.78, 2.42)

<0.001

51.2

17

1.55(1.32, 1.82)

<0.001

Yes

16

2.04(1.61, 2.57)

<0.001

82.1

14

1.77(1.55, 2.02)

<0.001

Overall

43

1.98(1.76, 2.23)

<0.001

71.7

40

1.62(1.49, 1.77)

<0.001