| |
Total sample N = 14,168
|
Non-GDM N = 11,418
|
GDM-nE N = 689
|
GDM-E N = 2061
|
|---|
|
Age (years)*
|
28.12 ± 4.28
|
27.86 ± 4.21
|
28.70 ± 4.38
|
29.38 ± 4.40
|
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI* (kg/m2)
|
21.62 ± 3.29
|
21.36 ± 3.16
|
22.53 ± 3.69
|
22.71 ± 3.57
|
|
Exceeds recommended GWG
|
6303(48.0)
|
5092(48.3)
|
281(46.0)
|
930(47.3)
|
|
Family history of diabetes*
|
1969(13.9)
|
1392(12.2)
|
117(17.0)
|
460(22.3)
|
|
Physical labor during pregnancy*
|
|
Light
|
10398(73.4)
|
8414(73.7)
|
530(76.9)
|
1454(70.5)
|
|
Moderate
|
3561(25.1)
|
2830(24.8)
|
154(22.4)
|
577(28.0)
|
|
High
|
75(1.2)
|
147(1.3)
|
4(0.6)
|
24(1.2)
|
- Continuous variables were expressed as means ± SD and categorical variables were expressed as n (%)
- Abbreviations: BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), GWG gestational weight gain
- *Indicates a significant difference among Non-GDM, GDM-nE and GDM-E group, p <0.001
