Table 4 Associations between low births weight (LBW) and Environmental factors among mothers in Bale Zone, South east Ethiopia, August, 2013
From: Risk factors for low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Ethiopia : a case–control study
Factors | LBW | NBW | Crude OR (95 %CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | % | No | % | |||||
Hand washing | ||||||||
Water with Soap | 77 | 59.7 | 211 | 81.8 | 1 | 1 | ||
Water only | 41 | 31.8 | 41 | 15.9 | 2.7 [1.65, 4.54] | <0.001 | 2.2 [1.30, 3.90] | 0.004 |
Water with ash | 11 | 8.5 | 6 | 2.3 | 5.0 [1.80,14.05] | 0.002 | 3.3 [1.05,10.30] | 0.041 |
Daily water consumption (L) | ||||||||
≥ 50 | 37 | 28.7 | 112 | 43.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
< 50 | 92 | 71.3 | 146 | 56.6 | 1.9 [1.21,3.00] | 0.005 | 1.6 [0.99,2.76] | 0.055 |
Source of drinking water | ||||||||
Protected | 118 | 91.5 | 233 | 90.3 | 1 | |||
Unprotected | 11 | 8.5 | 25 | 9.7 | 0.9 [0.41,1.83] | 0.711 | ||
Accessibility of water source | ||||||||
Accessible | 98 | 93.3 | 202 | 92.2 | 1 | |||
Not accessible | 7 | 6.7 | 17 | 7.8 | 0.8 [0.34,2.11] | 0.725 | ||
Solid waste disposal site | ||||||||
Private pit | 51 | 39.5 | 119 | 46.0 | 1 | |||
Communal pit | 33 | 25.6 | 84 | 32.6 | 0.9 [0.55,1.54] | 0.743 | ||
Used as fertilizer | 9 | 7.0 | 16 | 6.2 | 1.3 [0.54,3.17] | 0.545 | ||
Burning | 7 | 5.4 | 19 | 7.4 | 0.9 [0.34,2.17] | 0.749 | ||
Open dump | 29 | 22.5 | 20 | 7.8 | 3.4 [1.75,6.53] | <0.001 | ||
Separated kitchen room | ||||||||
Yes | 97 | 75.2 | 234 | 90.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 32 | 24.8 | 24 | 9.3 | 3.2 [1.80,5.74] | <0.001 | 2.6 [1.36,4.85] | 0.004 |
Sources of energy for cooking | ||||||||
Electricity | 5 | 3.9 | 41 | 15.9 | 1 | 1 | ||
Fire Wood | 82 | 63.6 | 190 | 73.6 | 3.5 [1.35,9.28] | 0.010 | 2.7 [1.00,7.17] | 0.049 |
Kerosene | 13 | 10.1 | 11 | 4.3 | 9.7 [2.84, 33.07] | <0.001 | 8.9 [2.54,31.11] | <0.001 |
Animal dung | 23 | 17.8 | 9 | 3.5 | 21.0 [6.27,70.03] | <0.001 | 14.4 [4.08,50.97] | <0.001 |
Others | 6 | 4.7 | 7 | 2.7 | 7.0 [1.68, 29.43] | 0.008 | 6.1 [1.40,26.27] | 0.016 |
Availability of latrine | ||||||||
Yes | 112 | 86.8 | 246 | 95.3 | 1 | |||
No | 17 | 13.2 | 12 | 4.7 | 3.1 [1.44,6.73] | 0.004 | ||