Table 2 Proportions of unbeneficial health status indicators according to education and ethnicity. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of health status variables according to education and ethnicity, adjusted for parity, age and number of weeks pregnant using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE)

Low Health control Beliefs

908/5996 (15.1)

143 (4.9)

399 (18.5)

3.8 (3.1–4.7)

366 (40.4)

10.4 (8.5–12.8)

641 (12.7)

57 (12.6)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

210 (41.2)

4.1 (3.1–5.2)

General health Mediocre/poor

733/6000 (12.2)

325 (11.1)

269 (12.4)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

139 (15.3)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

581 (11.5)

57 (12.5)

1.1 (0.9–1.5)

95 (18.5)

1.7 (1.3–2.1)

Daily functioning Mediocre/ poor

1191/5998 (19.9)

529 (18.1)

449 (20.7)

1.2 (1.0–1.3)*

213 (23.5)

1.3 (1.0–1.6)*

960 (19.1)

96 (21.1)

1.2 (0.9–1.4)

135 (26.3)

1.4 (1.2 –1.7)

Somewhat/very depressed/ anxious mood

1194/6004 (19.9)

459 (15.7)

464 (21.4)

1.4 (1.2 –1.6)

271 (29.9)

2.0 (1.7–2.3)

915 (18.2)

100 (22.0)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

179 (34.8)

2.2 (1.7–2.9)

Mobility: some difficulty/bedridden

1219/6004 (20.3)

512 (17.5)

481 (22.2)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

226 (24.9)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

968 (19.2)

96 (21.1)

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

155 (30.1)

1.6 (1.3–2.1)

Pains/other complaints

3163/6003 (52.7)

1385 (47.3)

1210 (55.9)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

566 (62.4)

1.6 (1.4–1.9)

2556 (50.8)

263 (57.9)

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

344 (66.8)

1.7 (1.4–2.0)

Chronic disease

605/6003 (10.1)

249 (8.5)

255 (11.8)

1.5 (1.2 –1.8)

101 (11.1)

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

515 (10.2)

47 (10.4)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

43 (8.3)

0.7 (0.5–1.0)

 Underweight

189/5640 (3.4)

80 (2.9)

70 (3.5)

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

39 (4.8)

1.9 (1.3–2.6)

153 (3.2)

19 (4.4)

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

17 (3.7)

1.1 (0.5–2.6)

 Overweight

1229/5640 (21.8)

534 (19.0)

476 (23.5)

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

219 (27.1)

1.6 (1.4–2.0)

1019 (21.5)

78 (18.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

132 (28.5)

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

 Obese

438/5640 (7.8)

139 (5.0)

213 (10.5)

2.4 (1.9–3.0)

86 (10.7)

2.6 (1.8–3.8)

366 (7.7)

35 (8.2)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

37 (8.0)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

Health complaints ≤ 20 weeks

2197/3332 (65.9)

1144 (65.2)

754 (65.4)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

299 (70.5)

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

1864 (64.6)

175 (73.8)

1.6 (1.3–2.0)

158 (75.6)

1.6 (1.3–2.0)

Health complaints >20 weeks

2274/3330 (68.3)

1163 (66.3)

818 (70.9)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

293 (69.3)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

1955 (67.8)

174 (73.4)

1.4 (1.0–1.8)*

145 (69.7)

1.0 (0.8-1.4)

Nausea ≤ 20 weeks

1327/3332 (39.8)

703 (40.1)

431 (37.4)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

193 (45.5)

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

1097 (38.0)

121 (51.1)

1.7 (1.4–2.2)

109 (52.2)

1.7 (1.3–2.2)*

Nausea >20 weeks

273/3330 (8.2)

128 (7.3)

103 (8.9)

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

42 (9.9)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

215 (7.5)

18 (7.6)

1.1 (0.6–1.9)

40 (19.2)

2.7 (1.9–4.0)

Fatigue ≤ 20 weeks

1487/3332 (44.6)

817 (46.6)

483 (41.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

187 (44.1)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

1269 (44.0)

120 (50.6)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

98 (46.9)

1.1 (0.9–1.5)

Fatigue > 20 weeks

1221/3330 (36.7)

642 (36.6)

425 (36.9)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

154 (36.4)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

1046 (36.3)

98 (41.4)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)*

77 (37.0)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

Dizziness ≤ 20 weeks

372/3332 (11.2)

177 (10.1)

135 (11.7)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

60 (14.2)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

293 (10.2)

30 (12.7)

1.4 (1.0–1.9)

49 (23.4)

2.5 (1.9–3.2)

Dizziness > 20 weeks

286/3330 (8.6)

130 (17.4)

103 (8.9)

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

53 (12.5)

1.6 (1.2–2.3)

245 (8.5)

14 (5.9)

0.7 (0.4–1.1)

27 (13.0)

1.4 (0.8–2.3)

Back pain ≤ 20 weeks

352/3332 (10.6)

157 (8.9)

135 (11.7)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

60 (14.2)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)*

274 (9.5)

28 (11.8)

1.4 (0.9–1.9)

50 (23.8)

2.7 (2.0–3.7)

Back pain >20 weeks

799/3330 (24.0)

354 (20.2)

320 (27.8)

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

125 (29.6)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

666 (23.1)

68 (28.7)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

65 (31.2)

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

Pelvic pain ≤ 20 weeks

466/3332 (14.0)

209 (11.9)

193 (16.7)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)*

64 (15.1)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

395 (13.7)

33 (13.9)

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

38 (18.2)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)*

Pelvic pain >20 weeks

942/3330 (28.3)

476 (27.1)

348 (30.2)

1.1 (0.8–1.3)

118 (27.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

800 (27.7)

85 (35.9)

1.5 (1.2–2.1)

57 (27.4)

0.9 (0.7–1.2)