Table 8 Multivariate logistic GLMMs assessing risk factors for observed incidences of disrespect and abuse among maternity patients whose care was observed as part of the Heshima project at baseline (2011) and endline (2014) in 13 facilities in Kenya, n = 1,200*

Non-consented care^a

Verbal abuse^b

Lack of privacy^c

Physical aggression

Verbal aggression

Lack of privacy^d

Shared bed

AOR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

AOR (95 % CI)

 Baseline

Ref^e

Ref

Ref^e

Ref^e

Ref

Ref^e

Ref^e

 Endline

3.29 (2.38 – 4.55)

0.78 (0.55 – 1.10)

0.24 (0.17 – 0.34)

0.12 (0.03 – 0.49)

0.71 (0.45 – 1.12)

0.31 (0.20 – 0.50)

1.57 (1.18 – 2.08)

Age (for each additional year)

0.99 (0.95 – 1.02) ^f

1.00 (0.96 – 1.04)

0.97 (0.94 – 1.01)

1.01 (0.91 – 1.11)

1.03 (0.98 – 1.09)

0.98 (0.93 – 1.03)

0.97 (0.94 – 1.01)

 0

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 1-2

0.88 (0.63 – 1.24)

1.15 (0.78 – 1.70)

0.91 (0.64 – 1.29)

0.89 (0.36 – 2.18)

0.65 (0.40 – 1.07)

0.89 (0.53 – 1.50)

1.14 (0.83 – 1.56)

 3+

1.22 (0.67 – 2.23)

1.00 (0.49 – 2.02)

1.15 (0.61 – 2.16)

0.57 (0.09 – 3.57)

0.48 (0.18 – 1.27)

1.16 (0.51 – 2.65)

1.44 (0.81 – 2.58)

 Day

Ref^f

Ref

Ref^e

Ref

Ref

Ref^e

Ref

 Night

0.74 (0.53 – 1.02)

1.15 (0.81 – 1.64)

1.39 (1.01 – 1.92)

0.59 (0.23 – 1.50)

0.94 (0.60 – 1.49)

1.96 (1.21 – 3.18)

1.15 (0.87 – 1.52)

 Government

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Private/Faith based

0.27 (0.04 – 2.02)

0.69 (0.12 – 3.98)

1.60 (0.28 – 9.20)

1.10 (0.12 – 10.19)

1.02 (0.24 – 4.44)

0.34 (0.01 – 8.51)

0.36 (0.03 – 4.81)

 No vouchers

Ref^e

Ref

Ref

Ref^f

Ref^f

Ref

Ref^e

 Vouchers

7.15 (1.08 – 47.34)

2.64 (0.52 – 13.31)

1.31 (0.13 – 13.03)

4.19 (0.81 – 21.74)

3.19 (0.91 – 11.19)

2.78 (0.15 – 53.26)

13.70 (1.32 – 141.96)