Table 1 Maternal and offspring (n = 466 mother-infant Pairs) characteristics (enrolled 2009–2011)
Newborn | N, (%) | Mother | N, (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Â | Education | Â |
 Female | 210 (45.1) |  High School or less | 118 (25.4) |
 Male | 256 (54.9) |  Some college | 134 (28.8) |
Gestational age (weeks) |  |  4 years of college or more | 213 (45.8) |
 35-36 preterm | 15 (3.2) | Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) |  |
 37-40 term | 381 (81.8) |  Obese ≥ 30 | 206 (44.3) |
 >40 | 70 (15.0) |  Overweight = 25–29.9 | 137 (29.5) |
Size for Gestational Age | Â | Prenatal WIC enrollment (Y) | 130 (27.9) |
 SGA | 9 (1.9) | Infant Feeding (since birth) |  |
 AGA | 332 (71.3) |  Exclusive Breast milk | 123 (26.4) |
 LGA | 125 (26.8) |  Mostly Breast milk | 188 (40.3) |
Apgar Score |  |  Mostly Formula or inconsistent | 84 (18.0) |
 1 min(≥7) | 433 (93.3) |  Exclusive Formula | 71 (15.2) |
 5 min(≥7) | 58 (98.9) | Race/ethnicity |  |
Birth weight categories |  |  White | 131 (28.1) |
 <2500 g | 11 (2.4) |  Black | 38 (8.2) |
 2500 to 3499 g | 244 (52.4) |  Hispanic | 165 (35.4) |
 3500 to 4000 g | 150 (32.2) |  Asian | 121 (26.0) |
 >4000 g | 61 (13.1) |  Other | 11 (2.4) |
| Â | Mean (SD) | Â | Mean (SD) |
 Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 (1.1) | Gestational weight gain (kg) | 10.1 (7.0) |
 Birth weight (g) | 3438.7 (502.8) | Age (years) | 33.1 (4.7) |
 Length (cm) | 50.7 (2.3) | Parity | 2.2 (1.2) |
Infant WLZ-score (ages) |  | Maternal 6–9 weeks Postpartum |  |
 Birth | −0.33 (1.35) | Waist circumference (cm) | 91.7 (14.6) |
 6-9 weeks | 0.18 (1.19) | Weight (kg) | 79.3 (20.3) |
 6 months | 0.29 (1.06) | BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8 (6.9) |
 12 months | 0.41 (1.07) | HOMA-IR | 5.9 (4.3) |