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Table 2 Background and social characteristics of case and referent populations

From: Risk factors for antepartum stillbirth: a case-control study in Nepal

Variable

Referent

Antepartum Stillbirth

p-value*

(N = 4505)

(N = 307)

Maternal age in years

   

 Mean ± SD

23.7 ± 4.4

25.7 ± 5.7

 

 Median (IQR)

23.0 (20–26)

24.0 (21–29)

 

Maternal age

n (%)

n (%)

 

  < 20

1232 (27.3)

57 (18.6)

p < 0.001

 20–25

1965 (43.6)

114 (37.1)

 26–30

980 (21.8)

80 (26.1)

  > 30

328 (7.3)

56 (18.2)

Maternal education

   

 Primary school (5 years) or less

1461 (32.4)

50 (16.3)

p < 0.001

 Six years of schooling or more

3044 (67.6)

257 (83.7)

Ethnicity

   

 Brahmin/Chhetri (Hill or Terai)

1743 (38.7)

114 (37.1)

 

 Relatively advantaged Janajatis

817 (18.1)

60 (19.5)

 Disadvantaged Janajatis

1299 (28.8)

100 (32.6)

 Non-Dalit (Terai)

373 (8.3)

16 (5.2)

 Dalit (Hill and Terai)

239 (5.3)

14 (4.6)

 Muslim

34 (0.8)

3 (1.0)

Wealth Quintile

   

 Poorest

791 (19.1)

76 (40.6)

p < 0.001

 Poorer

808 (19.5)

27 (14.4)

 Middle

865 (20.9)

22 (11.8)

 Richer

838 (20.2)

27 (14.4)

 Richest

846 (20.4)

35 (18.7)

Antenatal Care Attendance

   

 At least one visit

3923 (87.1)

185 (60.3)

p < 0.001

 No ANC

582 (12.9)

122 (39.7)

Parity

   

 Primiparity

2432 (54.0)

137 (44.6)

p < 0.001

 Multi-para (1–2)

1881 (41.8)

125 (40.7)

 Multi-para (3 or more)

192 (4.3)

45 (14.7)

Previous Stillbirth

   

 No

4407 (97.8)

281 (91.5)

p < 0.001

 Yes

98 (2.2)

26 (8.5)

Antepartum hemorrhage during pregnancy

   

 No

4377 (97.2)

271 (88.3)

p < 0.001

 Yes

128 (2.8)

36 (11.7)

Hypertensive disorder during pregnancy

n (%)

n (%)

 

 No

4193 (93.1)

265 (86.3)

p < 0.001

 Yes

312 (6.9)

42 (13.7)

Medical problem during pregnancy

   

 No

4289 (95.2)

295 (96.1)

 

 Yes

216 (4.8)

12 (3.9)

Sex of newborn

   

 Female

2115 (46.9)

136 (44.3)

 

 Male

2390 (53.1)

171 (55.7)

Multiple birth

   

 No

4463 (99.1)

300 (97.7)

p < 0.023

 Yes

42 (0.9)

7 (2.3)

Small-for-gestational age

   

 Appropriate-for-gestational age

2811 (62.4)

161 (52.4)

p = 0.001

 Small-for-gestational age

1694 (37.6)

146 (47.6)

  1. *p-value determined by t-test, Pearson’s chi-square analysis or Fisher’s exact test