From: Risk factors for antepartum stillbirth: a case-control study in Nepal
Variable | Referent | Antepartum Stillbirth | p-value* |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 4505) | (N = 307) | ||
Maternal age in years | |||
Mean ± SD | 23.7 ± 4.4 | 25.7 ± 5.7 | |
Median (IQR) | 23.0 (20–26) | 24.0 (21–29) | |
Maternal age | n (%) | n (%) | |
< 20 | 1232 (27.3) | 57 (18.6) | p < 0.001 |
20–25 | 1965 (43.6) | 114 (37.1) | |
26–30 | 980 (21.8) | 80 (26.1) | |
> 30 | 328 (7.3) | 56 (18.2) | |
Maternal education | |||
Primary school (5 years) or less | 1461 (32.4) | 50 (16.3) | p < 0.001 |
Six years of schooling or more | 3044 (67.6) | 257 (83.7) | |
Ethnicity | |||
Brahmin/Chhetri (Hill or Terai) | 1743 (38.7) | 114 (37.1) | |
Relatively advantaged Janajatis | 817 (18.1) | 60 (19.5) | |
Disadvantaged Janajatis | 1299 (28.8) | 100 (32.6) | |
Non-Dalit (Terai) | 373 (8.3) | 16 (5.2) | |
Dalit (Hill and Terai) | 239 (5.3) | 14 (4.6) | |
Muslim | 34 (0.8) | 3 (1.0) | |
Wealth Quintile | |||
Poorest | 791 (19.1) | 76 (40.6) | p < 0.001 |
Poorer | 808 (19.5) | 27 (14.4) | |
Middle | 865 (20.9) | 22 (11.8) | |
Richer | 838 (20.2) | 27 (14.4) | |
Richest | 846 (20.4) | 35 (18.7) | |
Antenatal Care Attendance | |||
At least one visit | 3923 (87.1) | 185 (60.3) | p < 0.001 |
No ANC | 582 (12.9) | 122 (39.7) | |
Parity | |||
Primiparity | 2432 (54.0) | 137 (44.6) | p < 0.001 |
Multi-para (1–2) | 1881 (41.8) | 125 (40.7) | |
Multi-para (3 or more) | 192 (4.3) | 45 (14.7) | |
Previous Stillbirth | |||
No | 4407 (97.8) | 281 (91.5) | p < 0.001 |
Yes | 98 (2.2) | 26 (8.5) | |
Antepartum hemorrhage during pregnancy | |||
No | 4377 (97.2) | 271 (88.3) | p < 0.001 |
Yes | 128 (2.8) | 36 (11.7) | |
Hypertensive disorder during pregnancy | n (%) | n (%) | |
No | 4193 (93.1) | 265 (86.3) | p < 0.001 |
Yes | 312 (6.9) | 42 (13.7) | |
Medical problem during pregnancy | |||
No | 4289 (95.2) | 295 (96.1) | |
Yes | 216 (4.8) | 12 (3.9) | |
Sex of newborn | |||
Female | 2115 (46.9) | 136 (44.3) | |
Male | 2390 (53.1) | 171 (55.7) | |
Multiple birth | |||
No | 4463 (99.1) | 300 (97.7) | p < 0.023 |
Yes | 42 (0.9) | 7 (2.3) | |
Small-for-gestational age | |||
Appropriate-for-gestational age | 2811 (62.4) | 161 (52.4) | p = 0.001 |
Small-for-gestational age | 1694 (37.6) | 146 (47.6) |