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Table 7 Summary table of the relationship between personality and ‘other’ cognitions, and excess gestational weight gain, in systematic review of psychological antecedents of excess gestational weight gain

From: Psychological antecedents of excess gestational weight gain: a systematic review

Author, year (Study reference number)*

Scale used**, Validation

Outcome(s)

Crude (unadjusted) results

Adjusted results

Confounders adjusted for

Summary of results

Exposure: Personality Traits

McDonald 2013 [61]

Eysenck’s Neurotic Scale of Emotional Instability (Personality trait), validated;

Excess GWG

OR 95% CI 1.24 (1.11 to 1.39) (per unit increase on scale)

OR 95% CI 1.26 (1.10 to 1.44) (per unit increase on scale)

pre-pregnancy BMI group, first birth, planned weight gain, daily soda or juice consumption, watching television before bedtime, locus of control to Eysenck’s neurotic scale of emotional instability, and satisfaction with pre-pregnancy weight

Neurotic Scale of Emotional Instability Significant on univariate analysis and multivariate ➔

Lie Scale of Social Desirability NS on univariate; not included in multivariate

McDonald 2013 [61]

Eysenck’s Lie Scale of Social Desirability (Personality trait), validated

Excess GWG

OR 95% CI 1.24

NA

NA

NS on univariate; Not entered into multivariate analyses

0.95 (0.84 to 1.08)

Exposure: ‘Other’ Cognitions (Fetal Health Locus of Control)

Webb 2009 [2]

Fetal Health Locus of Control (FHLC), Validated

Excess GWG;

RR (95% CI ):

RR (95% CI ):

Pre-pregnancy BMI and other identified maternal socio-demographic, dietary and physical activity variables (exact variables not reported)

NS on univariate or multivariate analyses; similar results for adequacy ratio outcome

Adequacy ratio

FHLC-(Internality scale)

FHLC--(Internality Scale)

Low 1.07 (1.0 to 1.2)

Low 1.02 (1.0 to 1.1)

Moderate 1.03

Moderate 1.01 (0.9

(0.9 to 1.1)

to 1.1)

High 1.0

High 1.0

(Reference)

(Reference)

FHLC-(Powerful

FHLC-(Powerful

others scale)

others scale)

Low 1.0 (Reference)

Low 1.0 (Reference)

Moderate 1.10 (1.0 to 1.2)

Moderate 1.00 (0.9 to 1.1)

High 1.05 (1.0 to 1.1)

High 0.96 (0.9 to 1.0)

FHLC-(Chances scale)

FHLC-(Chances scale)

Low 1.0 (Reference)

Low 1.0 (Reference)

Moderate 1.07 (1.0 to 1.2)

Moderate 1.00 (0.9 to 1.1)

High 1.08 (1.0 to 1.2)

High 1.01 (0.9 to 1.1)

Exposure: ‘Other’ Cognitions (Self-esteem)

McDonald 2013 [61]

Robins Self-esteem scale, validated

Excess GWG

OR (95% CI ) for “Not very true” vs. other in terms of positive self esteem 0.28 (0.04 to 2.19)

NA

NA

NS on univariate therefore not included in multivariate

Webb 2009 [2]

Self-esteem scale, Previously published, no reference to validation

Excess GWG;

RR (95% CI )

RR (95% CI )

Pre-pregnancy BMI, other socio-demographic, dietary and physical activity covariates

NS on univariate or multivariate analyses;

Adequacy Ratio

Low 1.01 (0.9 to 1.1);

Low 0.99 (0.9 to 1.1);

NS results for adequacy ratio outcome

Moderate 1.03 (1.0 to 1.1);

Moderate 1.02 (0.9 to 1.1);

High 1.0 (Reference)

High 1.0 (Reference)

  1. *Study reference number corresponds to those cited in a pinwheel and web plot; **Scale details can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1; FHLC: Fetal Health Locus of Control; NA: Not Applicable. ➔ Positive association (Risk factor).