Table 6 Summary table of the relationship of cognitions related to dietary behavior to excess gestational weight gain in systematic review of psychological antecedents of excess gestational weight gain

Wright 2013 [59]

Investigator developed, Validated

Excess GWG;

β (95% CI ):

Effect estimate not reported for excess GWG

Pre-Pregnancy BMI, age, race

Results were reported to be similar to secondary outcome but estimates were not reported. Hence considered NS on univariate or multivariate analyses

GWG (continuous)^$$

−1.2 (−3.2 to 0.69)

β (95% CI ) for secondary outcome: −0.14 (−2.8 to 2.5)

Pomerleau 2000 [50]

Dieting and Binge Eating Severity Scale (DBESS), Validated

Difference between actual and current maximum recommended weight gain (continuous)

Mean (± SD) excess GWG between two weight concern categories:

Effect estimates not reported

NR

Significant on multivariate analysis; weight gain (lb) as a continuous outcome also has a positive significant association with weight concern categories ➔

Low Weight Concern ;=2.9 (±12.7);

ANOVA F-test statistics = 7.614 (p <0.01)

High Weight Concern 15.6 (±21.9) (p <0.01)

Conway 1999 [38]

Revised Restraint Scale (RRS), Validated

Excess GWG

Proportions with GWG categories (p-value):

NA

NA

NS on univariate analysis

Dietary Restraint (Full scale) 48%, 30% (p = 0.07);

Multivariate analysis was not done

Weight Fluctuation subscale 46%, 31% (p = 0.054);

Concern for dieting subscale 50%, 33% (p = 0.601)

Laraia 2013 [43]

RRS, Validated

Excess GWG for univariate;

Proportion within GWG category:

β (95% CI ):

Pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal race, age, income, education, marital status, parity, gestational age, smoking, physical activity in 1^st trimester

Full scale was significant on univariate or multivariate analyses; subscales were significant on multivariate analysis ➔

Adequacy Ratio for univariate and multivariate

Low dietary Restraint Food secure 52.7%, 35.4%;

Interaction between Marginally Food Insecure and:

Marginally food insecure 52.7%, 25.5%

High Restraint 0.53 (0.33 to 0.73)

High dietary Restraint Food secure 71.5%,

Dieters 0.50 (0.30 to 0.70)

16.8%;

Weight Cyclers 0.54 (0.34 to 0.74)

Marginally food insecure 74.0%, 11.0%

Overall х²(p-value ⁾ :57.3 (p <0.001)

Mumford 2008 [48]

RRS, Validated

Adequacy Ratio

NR

OR (95% CI ):

Pre-pregnancy BMI, race, education, poverty, physical activity, weight gain attitude

Only subscales were significant on multivariate analyses ➔

Overall

Restrained eating 1.12 (0.94 to 1.31)

Non-Restrained eating 0.95 (0.78 to 1.12)

Dieters vs. Non-Dieters

Underweight 0.94 (0.68 to 1.19); 1.02 (0.89 to 1.16);

Normal Weight 1.50 (1.40 to 1.60); 1.31 (1.23 to 1.40); Overweight 1.97 (1.80 to 2.15); 1.79 (1.54 to 2.03);

Obese 2.09 (1.98 to 2.21); 1.73 (1.53 to 1.93)

Cyclers vs. Non-Cyclers

Underweight 0.88 (0.66 to 1.11); 0.94 (0.77 to 1.11);

Normal Weight 1.38 (1.25 to 1.52);

1.25 (1.12 to 1.37); Overweight 1.92 (1.72 to 2.12); 1.58 (1.35 to 1.80);

Obese 2.11 (1.96 to 2.26); 1.73 (1.54 to 1.91)

McDonald 2013 [61]

Self-efficacy in achieving healthy weight, ii) towards controlling food Intake; iii) towards weight Management, not stated if validated

Excess GWG

OR (95% CI ):

NA

NA

NS on univariate Analysis;

0.97 (0.92 to 1.02); ii) 0.91 (0.79 to 1.05); iii) 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03)

not entered in the multivariate model

Olson 2003 [49]

Investigator Developed, Not validated

Excess GWG ^$$

Effect estimate not reported (p-value NS)

NA

NA

NS on univariate analysis; variable not entered in the multivariate model

Wright 2013 [59]

Investigator developed, Not validated

Excess GWG; GWG (continuous)^$$

Effect estimate not reported for excess GWG

Effect estimate not reported for excess GWG

Pre-pregnancy BMI, age, race

Results were reported to be similar to secondary outcome but Estimates were not reported, hence considered significant on univariate or multivariate analysis

β (95% CI ) for secondary outcome:

β (95% CI ) for secondary outcome: −3.6 (−6.8 to −0.3)

β (95% CI ) -1.3 (−2.6 – 0.0)

Wright 2013 [59]

Fowles’ Barriers to Health Eating Scale (BHES), Validated

Adequacy ratio; Excess GWG ^$$

β (95% CI ):

β (95% CI ):

Pre-pregnancy BMI, age, race

Results were reported to be similar to secondary outcome but estimates were not reported, hence considered significant on multivariate analysis ➔

0.12 (−0.6 to 0.8)

2.0 (0.3 to 3.7)