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Table 4 Association between Hb changes (ΔHb) from early to mid- or late pregnancy and birth outcomes (n = 1986)

From: Changes in maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy and birth outcomes

Birth outcome

Hb changes from early pregnancy

Crude model

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Coefficient

95% CI

Coefficient

95% CI

Coefficient

95% CI

Coefficient

95% CI

Birth weight (g)

ΔHb (mid-Hb – early Hb)

−51.0**

−72.9 to −29.1

−45.2**

−67.0 to −23.4

−46.9**

−68.5 to −25.2

−73.5**

−98.0 to −48.9

 

ΔHb (late Hb – early Hb)

−48.8**

−64.4 to −33.3

−45.0**

−60.4 to −29.5

−47.8**

−63.1 to −32.4

−76.1**

−94.0 to −58.2

Z-score of birth weight

ΔHb (mid-Hb – early Hb)

−0.17**

−0.22 to −0.11

−0.15**

−0.20 to −0.093

−0.15**

−0.21 to −0.096

−0.21**

−0.28 to −0.15

 

ΔHb (late Hb – early Hb)

−0.15**

−0.19 to −0.11

−0.14**

−0.18 to −0.10

−0.14**

−0.18 to −0.11

−0.21**

−0.26 to −0.17

Placental weight (g)

ΔHb (mid-Hb – early Hb)

−22.5**

−28.4 to −16.5

−20.7**

−26.7 to −14.8

−20.8**

−26.7 to −14.9

−27.3**

−34.0 to −20.6

 

ΔHb (late Hb – early Hb)

−20.0**

−24.2 to −15.8

−18.4**

−22.6 to −14.3

−18.8**

−22.9 to −14.6

−26.1**

−30.9 to −21.2

Placental ratio (x1000)

ΔHb (mid-Hb – early Hb)

−4.4**

−6.0 to −2.8

−4.2**

−5.8 to −2.6

−4.1**

−5.7 to −2.5

−4.7**

−6.5 to −2.8

 

ΔHb (late Hb – early Hb)

−3.7**

−4.8 to −2.6

−3.4**

−4.5 to −2.2

−3.3**

−4.5 to −2.2

−4.0**

−5.4 to −2.7

  1. **P < 0.001.
  2. Model 1: adjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, ART, fetal sex.
  3. Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 + MAP at early pregnancy and medical complications (hypertension, autoimmune disease, Basedow’s disease, hypothyroid disease).
  4. Model 3: adjusted for Model 3 + Hb levels at early pregnancy.
  5. ART, artificial reproductive technology; CI, confidence interval; Hb, Hemoglobin; MAP, mean arterial pressure.