Table 3 Health status in participants four years after index pregnancy presented for women with normal pregnancy and women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and as born in and outside Sweden born in or outside Sweden
| Â | Normal pregnancy 2005 | Pregnancy with GDM 2005 | P-value | Participants born in Sweden with normal pregnancy 2005 | Participants born in Sweden with GDM 2005 | P-value | Participants born outside Sweden with normal pregnancy 2005 | Participants born outside Sweden with GDM 2005 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present status | (N = 321) | (N = 107) | (N = 293) | (N = 81) | (N = 27) | (N = 25) | |||
Pregnant or missing pregnancy status at follow up (excluded from calculations) | 12 | 4 | Â | 10 | 2 | Â | 2 | 2 | Â |
Overt diabetes mellitus | |||||||||
  Yes | 0 | 19 (17.8%) | <0.0011 | 0 | 13 (16.0%) | <0.0011 | 0 | 6 (24.0%) | 0.0091 |
  No | 321 (100%) | 88 (82.2%) |  | 293 (100%) | 68 (84.0%) |  | 27 (100%) | 19 (76.0%) |  |
Self-rated health at follow-up | |||||||||
  Excellent, very good, good | 291 (92.7%) | 80 (80.0%) | <0.0012 | 267 (92.4%) | 66 (88.0%) | 0.2252 | 23 (95.8%) | 13 (54.2%) | 0.0021 |
  Fair, poor | 23 (7.3%) | 20 (20.0%) |  | 22 (7.6%) | 9 (12.0%) |  | 1 (4.2%) | 11 (45.8%) |  |
Body weight at follow-up (kilograms) | |||||||||
  Mean (± SD) | 66.5 (11.7) | 73.1 (16.7) | <0.0013 | 66.9 (12.0) | 73.5 (16.8) | <0.0013 | 62.8 (8.0) | 72.1 (16.8) | 0.0133 |
  Median (25th – 75th percentile) | 65.0 (58.0-71.0) | 71.0 (60.8–80.5) | 0.0034 | 65.0 (58.0–72.0) | 73.0 (60.0–81.5) | 0.0104 | 65.0 (54.0–68.0) | 69.0 (62.0– 81.2) | 0.1254 |
  (Min –max) | 43.0 – 116.0 | 42.0 – 122.0 |  | 43.0 – 116.0 | 42.0 – 122.0 |  | 50.0 – 80.0 | 48.0 – 109.0 |  |
BMI at follow-up, (kg/m2) | |||||||||
  Underweight, (<18.49) | 4 (1.3%) | 2 (1.9%) | <0.0012 | 4 (1.4%) | 2 (2.5%) | <0.0012 | 0 | 0 | 0.013 |
  Normal weight, (18.5-24.99) | 229 (72.0%) | 48 (45.7%) |  | 208 (71.7%) | 37 (45.7%) |  | 20 (74.1%) | 10 (41.7%) |  |
  Overweight, (25.0-29.99) | 62 (19.5%) | 26 (24.8%) |  | 56 (19.3%) | 21 (25.9%) |  | 6 (22.2%) | 6 (25.0%) |  |
  Obesity, (≥30.0) | 23 (7.2%) | 29 (27.6%) |  | 22 (7.6%) | 21 (25.9%) |  | 1 (3.7%) | 8 (33.3%) |  |
Weight change (pre-pregnancy to follow-up, kilograms) | |||||||||
  Mean (± SD) | +1.6 (5.7) | +1.3 (8.9) | 0.7363 | +1.5 (5.8) | +0.7 (9.4) | 0.3193 | +2.2 (5.4) | +3.6 (6.5) | 0.3893 |
  Median (25th – 75th percentile) | +1.0 (−1.0 - +3.2) | +1.0 (−2.0 - +6.0) | 0.7364 | +1.0 (−1.0- +3.0) | +1.0 (−2.0- +4.8) | 0.9314 | +1.5 (−1.2- +5.0) | +3.0 (0 - +8.0) | 0.3284 |
  (Min –max) | −20.0 - + 35.0 | −47.0 - + 20.0 |  | −20.0 - + 35.0 | −47.0 - + 22.0 |  | −7.0 - + 16.0 | −10.0 - + 16.0 |  |
Sick leave for more than one week due to health problems 5 | |||||||||
  Yes | 60 (18.8%) | 35 (33.3%) | 0.0022 | 52 (17.7%) | 27 (33.3%) | 0.0022 | 8 (29.6%) | 8 (33.3%) | 0.7762 |
  No | 260 (81.2%) | 70 (66.7%) |  | 241 (82.3%) | 54 (66.7%) |  | 19 (70.4%) | 16 (66.7%) |  |
Medication on regular basis 6 | |||||||||
  Yes | 52 (16.2%) | 45 (42.1%) | <0.0012 | 48 (16.4%) | 34 (42.0%) | <0.0012 | 4 (14.8%) | 11 (44.0%) | 0.0321 |
  No | 269 (83.8%) | 62 (57.9%) |  | 245 (83.6%) | 47 (58.0%) |  | 23 (85.2%) | 14 (56.0%) |  |