Skip to main content

Table 2 Life style in participants four years after index pregnancy for women with and without previous GDM and born in or outside Sweden

From: Lifestyle and health status in a sample of Swedish women four years after pregnancy: a comparison of women with a history of normal pregnancy and women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

 

Pregnancy without previous GDM

Pregnancy with previousGDM

P-value

Participants born in Sweden without GDM

Participants born in Sweden with GDM

P-value

Participants born outside Sweden without GDM

Participants born outside Sweden with GDM

P-value

Present status

(N = 321)

(N = 107)

(N = 293)

(N = 81)

(n = 27)

(N = 25)

Pregnant at follow up (excluded from calculations)

10

4

 

8

2

 

2

2

 

Smoking

  On daily basis/ Occasionally

60 (18.7%)

21 (18.7%)

1.0001

51 (17.4%)

16 (19.8%)

0.6261

9 (33.3%)

4 (16.0%)

0.2052

  Never

261 (81.3%)

90 (81.3%)

 

242 (82.6%)

65 (80.2%)

 

18 (66.7%)

21 (84.0%)

 

Alcohol habits

  Never

45 (14.0%)

24 (22.4%)

0.0071

35 (11.9%)

10 (12.3%)

0.1191

10 (37.0%)

14 (56.0%)

0.0351

  ≤ once a month

93 (29.0%)

43 (40.2%)

 

90 (30.7%)

36 (44.4%)

 

3 (11.1%)

7 (28.0%)

 

  2-4 times/ month

142 (44.2%)

27 (25.2%)

 

131 (44.7%)

25 (30.9%)

 

10 (37.0%)

2 (8.0%)

 

  2-3 times/ week

38 (11.8%)

12 (11.2%)

 

34 (11.6%)

10 (12.0%)

 

4 (14.8%)

1 (4.0%)

 

  ≥4 times/week

3 (0.9%)

1 (0.9%)

 

3 (1.0%)

0

 

0

1 (4.0%)

 

Units alcohol at each drinking occasion

  1-2 units

184 (67.2%)

61 (74.4%)

0.2151

171 (66.5%)

51 (71.8%)

0.3991

12 (75.0%)

9 (90.0%)

0.6172

  ≥3 units

90 (32.8%)

21 (25.6%)

 

86 (33.5%)

20 (28.2%)

 

4 (25.0%)

1 (10.0%)

 

Eating habits

  3 main  courses/day5

262 (82.4%)

78 (72.9%)

0.0341

245 (84.5%)

60 (74.1%)

0.0301

16 (59.3%)

17 (68.0%)

0.5122

  Irregular habits6

56 (17.6%)

29 (27.1%)

 

45 (15.5%)

21 (25.9%)

 

11 (40.7%)

8 (32.0%)

 

Amount of fruit and vegetables/day

  % of recommended amount, mean (±SD)

63.1% (±25.2)

61.1% (±25.1)

0.4943

63.5% (±25.1)

60.4% (±23.0)

0.3083

56.4% (±25.1)

62.1% (±31.0)

0.4713

Reached recommended amount of fruit and vegetables/day 7

  Yes

20 (6.3%)

9 (8.4%)

0.4511

18 (6.2%)

3 (3.7%)

0.5862

1 (3.8%)

5 (20.0%)

0.0992

  No

298 (93.7%)

98 (91.6%)

 

273 (93.8%)

78 (96.3%)

 

25 (96.2%)

20 (80.0%)

 

Physical activity on regular basis

  Yes

197 (63.3%)

54 (53.5%)

0.0771

186 (64.6%)

47 (60.3%)

0.4811

11 (50.0%)

6 (27.3%)

0.2151

  No

114 (36.7%)

47 (46.5%)

 

102 (35.4%)

31 (39.7%)

 

11 (50.0%)

16 (72.7%)

 

Frequency of physical activity/week 8

No of times/week,

  Mean (±SD)

2.6 (1.6)

2.6 (1.8)

0.7593

2.6 (1.5)

2.8 (1.8)

0.4903

2.6 (1.3)

2.7 (1.4)

0.9103

  Median, 25th -75th percentile

2.0 (1.2 - 3.0)

2.0 (1.2 - 3.4)

0.9224

2.0 (1.5 – 3.0)

2.0 (1.5 – 3.5)

0.9194

2.5 (1.0 – 4.0)

2.5 (1.75 – 3.5)

1.0004

Intensity of performed physical activity 8

  High

57 (29.1%)

5 (9.6%)

0.0061

55 (29.7%)

4 (8.5%)

0.0071

2 (18.2%)

1 (25.0%)

0.7742

  Moderate

102 (52.0%)

30 (57.7%)

 

97 (52.4%)

29 (61.7%)

 

5 (45.5%)

1 (25.0%)

 

  Low

37 (18.9%)

17 (32.7%)

 

33 (17.8%)

14 (29.8%)

 

4 (36.4%)

2 (50.0%)

 

Reached the recommended level of physical activity 8

  Yes9

65 (33.0%)

10 (19.2%)

0.0622

61 (32.8%)

10 (21.3%)

0.1562

4 (36.4%)

0

0.5162

  No

132 (67.0%)

42 (80.8%)

 

125 (67.2%)

37 (78.7%)

 

7 (63.6%)

4 (100%)

 
  1. 1Chi2-test, 2Fishers’ test, 3Student’s t-test, 4Mann–Whitney test, 5Breakfast, lunch and dinner with and without 1 – 3 snacks, 6Skipping courses; ie. reporting irregular eating habits, such as 1 – 2 main courses/ day or frequent snacking and no main courses, 7500 grams of fruit and vegetables/day, 8Only participants reporting regular physical activity included in this analysis, 9≥ 3 times/week at moderate or high intensity.