Skip to main content

Table 1 Maternal characteristics, pregnancy characteristics, medical interventions, health care setting and severe PPH incidences

From: Regional differences in severe postpartum hemorrhage: a nationwide comparative study of 1.6 million deliveries

 

All

Spontaneous

Assisted vaginal delivery

Elective CS

Emergency CS

 

%

PPH incidence

%

PPH incidence

%

PPH incidence

%

PPH incidence

%

PPH incidence

Maternal characteristics

          

Age, n (%)

          

≤ 35 years

85.6

4.4

86.0

4.3

88.4

6.2

78.9

3.9

83.6

3.0

> 35 years

14.4

5.1

14.0

4.8

11.6

7.7

21.1

5.5

16.4

4.3

Parity

          

0

46.2

5.0

39.1

5.1

82.1

6.6

42.0

3.8

67.7

2.8

≥ 1

53.8

4.0

60.9

3.9

17.9

5.5

58.0

4.6

32.3

3.9

Ethnicity

          

Western

84.5

4.6

83.9

4.4

88.2

6.6

86.7

4.1

83.5

3.2

Non-Western

15.5

4.1

16.1

4.0

11.8

4.8

13.3

5.3

16.5

3.3

Social economic status

          

Highest (> p 80)

17.2

4.9

17.0

4.7

18.2

7.2

18.0

4.7

17.0

3.3

Moderate (p20-80)

57.8

4.5

57.8

4.3

58.4

6.4

58.9

4.1

57.0

3.2

Lowest (< p20)

25.0

4.2

25.3

4.2

23.5

5.7

23.1

4.2

26.0

3.0

Pregnancy characteristics

          

Singleton pregnancy

98.0

4.3

98.6

4.2

98.2

6.2

94.1

3.5

96.1

3.0

Multiple pregnancy

2.0

12.1

1.4

11.1

1.8

17.4

5.9

16.0

3.9

7.5

Gestational age

          

≥ 37 weeks

93.3

4.4

94.3

4.2

95.2

6.3

81.9

3.7

91.0

3.1

< 37 weeks

6.7

6.0

5.7

5.9

4.8

8.3

18.1

6.6

9.1

3.9

Pre-eclampsia

          

Yes

2.2

7.4

1.3

8.9

2.7

12.1

8.1

4.6

4.8

4.1

No

97.8

4.2

98.7

4.1

97.3

6.1

91.9

3.9

95.2

2.8

Birth weight neonate

          

< 10th percentile

9.7

3.4

9.5

3.5

8.5

4.4

12.0

3.0

11.5

1.7

10-90st percentile

79.7

4.3

81.0

4.2

79.0

5.9

75.6

4.3

72.3

3.0

> 90st percentile

10.5

7.0

9.5

6.8

12.5

10.7

12.4

5.4

16.2

5.0

Perinatal death

          

Yes

0.8

7.5

0.8

7.3

0.4

10.3

1.0

8.8

0.7

5.5

No

99.2

4.5

99.2

4.3

99.6

6.4

99.0

4.2

99.3

3.2

Medical interventions

          

Induction of labor

          

Yes

14.8

6.2

14.0

6.3

18.7

8.5

NA

 

29.5

3.6

No

85.2

4.2

86.0

4.0

81.3

5.9

NA

 

70.5

3.0

Delivery

          

Spontaneous

74.7

4.3

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

Assisted vaginal delivery

10.7

6.4

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

Elective CS

6.5

4.3

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

Emergency CS

8.1

3.2

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

Perineal laceration

          

Intact/ ≤ 1st degree rupture

71.4

3.8

74.0

3.7

14.8

5.1

NA

 

99.2

3.2

≥ 2nd degree rupture/ episiotomy

28.6

6.3

26.0

6.2

85.2

6.6

NA

 

0.8

3.6

Manual placenta removal

          

Yes

1.9

58.3

2.0

59.6

3.8

53.2

NA

 

NA

 

No

98.1

3.5

98.0

3.2

96.2

4.6

NA

 

NA

 

Health care setting

          

Delivery

          

Home (community midwife)

24.2

2.3

32.4

2.2

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

Hospital (community midwife)

10.9

4.2

14.6

4.2

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

Tertiary care Hospital

5.8

7.4

4.8

7.3

7.3

8.1

11.5

7.9

8.7

6.5

Teaching Hospital

30.4

5.6

25.1

6.0

46.9

6.6

44.4

4.0

45.4

3.1

Non-teaching Hospital

28.8

4.7

23.2

5.0

45.9

5.9

44.1

3.6

45.9

2.7

  1. Total deliveries: 1599867, PPH unknown: 44859, Mode of delivery unknown: 2350.
  2. NA = not applicable, CS = cesarean.