Table 2 Comparison of selected characteristics between women who did not deliver at health facilities and those who did

Social demographics

Age (years) (n = ^@215)

29.1 (28.1–30.1)

28.6 (27.5–29.6)

0.444

26.6 (25.7–27.5)

25.6 (24.6–26.7)

0.158

Duration of resident in area(n = ^@214; ^=316)

10.5 (9.3- 11.6)

9.6 (8.4–10.8)

0.294

9.0 (8.2- 9.9)

7.9 (6.8–9.0)

0.107

Married (n = ^@214)

101 (87.8)

93 (92.1)

0.302

182 (95.3)

117 (92.1)

0.244

Employed (n = ^317)

39 (33.9)

38 (38.4)

0.497

77 (40.3)

64 (50.8))

0.066

≥ Primary education (n = ^317)

52 (45.2)

60 (59.4)

0.037

81 (42.4)

71 (56.4)

0.015

Economic

Income ≥ US $ 25 (n = ^@82; ^150)

10 (23.8)

23 (57.5)

0.002

28 (32.6)

31 (48.4)

0.049

Own mobile phone (n = ^317)

71 (61.7)

81 (80.2)

0.003

125 (65.5)

109 (86.5)

<0.005

Own radio

71 (61.7)

69 (68.3)

0.312

131 (68.6)

105 (82.7)

0.005

Own bicycle

64 (55.7)

65 (64.4)

0.193

110 (57.6)

85 (66.9)

0.094

Obstetric

Number of pregnancies

4.7 (4.4–5.1)

4.3 (3.9–4.7)

0.079

4.6 (4.3–4.9)

3.8 (3.4–4.2)

0.002

Parity < 5

55 (47.8)

62 (61.4)

0.046

109 (57.1)

88 (69.3)

0.028

Prior pregnancy loss (n = ^317)

18 (15.7)

12 (11.9)

0.424

21 (11.1)

12 (9.5)

0.647

ANC attendance

109 (94.8)

100 (99.0)

0.080

175 (91.6)

126 (99.2)

0.003

Gestation at 1st ANC visit^# (n = ^@205)

5.4 (5.2–5.7)

4.9 (4.6–5.2)

0.016

5.3 (5.1–5.6)

5.1 (4.9–5.4)

0.246

Very satisfied with care (n = ^@204; ^315)

58 (55.8)

77 (77.0)

0.001

116 (61.4)

94 (74.6)

0.031

Know HIV positive status

Before pregnancy

44 (38.3)

46 (45.5)

0.279

-

-

During pregnancy

71 (61.7)

55 (54.5)

-

-

Known partner HIV status

60 (52.2)

69 (68.3)

0.016

99 (51.8)

79 (62.2)

0.068

Partner HIV-infected (n = ^@129; ^178)

43 (71.7)

49 (71.0)

0.935

6 (6.1)

4 (5.1)

0.774

Use of maternal ARVs (n = ^@207)

89 (77.4)

88 (87.1)

0.063

-

-

Use of infant ARVs (n = ^@178)

83 (94.3)

88 (97.8)

0.275

-

-

HIV stigma measures*

Shame

41 (35.7)

33 (32.7)

0.645

82 (42.9)

60 (47.2)

0.449

Blame or judgment

102 (88.7)

83 (82.2)

0.173

173 (90.6)

111 (87.4)

0.370

Enacted stigma or discrimination

35 (87.5)

25 (83.3)

0.622

37 (84.1)

20 (76.9)

0.456