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Table 2 Hazard ratio of developing T2D in patients with GDM according to previous history of GDM, family history of diabetes, deprivation category; insulin use and average weekly weight gain during pregnancy; and weight, age, trimester, HbA1c, fasting and 2 hour blood glucose at diagnosis of GDM

From: Progression from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes in one region of Scotland: an observational follow-up study

 

Univariate

Multivariate

No. (%) progressing to T2D

Mean time to progress (months)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p value

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p value

Whole sample (n=164)

41 (25)

93

    

Deprivation category (no. in each group)

5 least deprived (17)

2 (12)

21

1.00

 

1.00

 

4 (39)

8 (21)

78

1.44 (0.31-6.76)

0.647

0.68 (0.12-3.95)

0.671

3 (21)

6 (29)

94

1.86 (0.38-9.20)

0.448

0.71 (0.11-4.61)

0.717

2 (35)

13 (37)

115

2.81 (0.63-12.45)

0.174

1.92 (0.37-10)

0.438

1 most deprived (44)

11 (25)

82

1.76 (0.39-8.89)

0.461

0.76 (0.15-3.93)

0.742

Data missing (8)

1 (13)

106

0.81 (0.07-8.89)

0.860

0.9 (0.07-11.96)

0.936

Age (no.)

25 and under (32)

6 (19)

99

1.00

 

1.00

 

26 to 34 (84)

19 (23)

93

1.28 (0.51-3.19)

0.604

1.35(0.48-3.79)

0.570

35 and over (48)

16 (33)

86

1.90 (0.74-4.87)

0.179

2.38 (0.82-6.95)

0.112

Previous history of GDM (no.)

Yes (11)

4 (36)

83

1.7 (0.61-4.77)

0.315

2.83 (0.62-12.87)

0.179

No/Data missing (153)

37 (24)

91

1.00

 

1.00

 

Family history of diabetes (no.)

Yes (59)

17 (29)

89

0.80 (0.43-1.49)

0.485

1.42 (0.64-3.15)

0.385

No/Data missing (105)

24 (23)

93

1.00

 

1.00

 

Weight (no.)

Up to 76.8 kg (46)

3 (7)

70

1.00

 

1.00

 

76.8 to 92.5kg (49)

15 (31)

88

5.19 (1.5-17.93)

0.009

4.98 (1.23-20.18)

0.024

Over 92.5kg (53)

20 (38)

89

6.49 (1.93-21.86)

0.003

5.22 (1.38-19.73)

0.015

Data missing (16)

3 (19)

150

3.05 (0.62-15.12)

0.172

3.5 (0.53-23.34)

0.196

Trimester at diagnosis (no.)

2nd trimester (16)

5 (31)

96

1.21 (0.47-3.07)

0.696

1.05 (0.32-3.45)

0.942

3rd trimester (147)

36 (24)

90

1.00

 

1.00

 

HbA1c in mmol/mol (no.)

33.3 and under (19)

3 (16)

150

1.00

 

1.00

 

33.3 to 42.1 (22)

5 (23)

82

1.42 (0.34-5.95)

0.630

1.59 (0.29-8.84)

0.597

42.1 plus (18)

8 (44)

57

4.41 (1.17-16.69)

0.029

5.34 (0.98-29)

0.052

Data missing (105)

25 (24)

98

1.66 (0.5-5.5)

0.407

1.9 (0.45-7.94)

0.381

Fasting blood glucose in mmol/l (no.)

Under 5.1 (52)

6 (12)

102

1.00

 

1.00

 

5.1 to 7.0 (72)

20 (28)

93

2.62 (1.05-6.53)

0.038

1.66 (0.52-5.24)

0.392

Over 7.0 (17)

6 (35)

60

6.87 (2.2-21.44)

0.001

3.94 (0.92-16.91)

0.065

Data missing (23)

9 (39)

99

3.87 (1.38-10.89)

0.010

35.29 (2.18-570.68)

0.012

2 hour post load blood glucose in mmol/l (no.)

Under 8.5 (39)

7 (18)

83

1.00

 

1.00

 

8.5-11.1 (67)

14 (21)

96

1.15 (0.46-2.85)

0.762

1.54 (0.54-4.38)

0.417

Over 11.1 (36)

12 (33)

84

2.58 (1.01-6.56)

0.047

2.37 (0.76-7.4)

0.139

Data missing (22)

8 (36)

99

2.13 (0.77-5.88)

0.144

0.1 (0.01-1.56)

0.101

Used Insulin during pregnancy (no.)

Yes (51)

20 (39)

88

2.82 (1.52-5.2)

0.001

2.81 (1.35-5.86)

0.006

No (113)

21 (19)

94

1.00

 

1.00

 

Average weekly weight gain (kg)

0.3 and under (61)

16 (26)

82

1.00

   

0.31 and above (64)

14 (22)

90

0.71 (0.35-1.47)

0.360

0.61 (0.2-1.45)

0.259

Data Missing (39)

11 (28)

105

1.04 (0.49-2.25)

0.912

1.12 (0.43-2.93)

0.821