Table 1 Distribution of maternal blood pressures by maternal characteristics *
Maternal characteristics | No (%) | Peripheral systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Peripheral diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Central pulse pressure (mmHg) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | P | ||
Age at booking (years) | Â | Â | 0.54 | Â | 0.26 | Â | 0.62 | Â | 0.36 |
 1st quartile (18–26) | 162 (22.7) | 110.2 (12.0) |  | 66.5 (8.7) |  | 96.5 (10.6) |  | 30.0 (6.9) |  |
 2nd quartile (27–29) | 148 (20.8) | 109.6 (10.5) |  | 67.1 (8.4) |  | 96.3 (9.6) |  | 29.3 (5.7) |  |
 3rd quartile (30–33) | 204 (28.6) | 108.7 (11.0) |  | 65.8 (7.8) |  | 96.4 (9.8) |  | 30.5 (6.7) |  |
 4th quartile (34–46) | 199 (27.9) | 108.9 (10.7) |  | 67.4 (7.9) |  | 97.5 (9.8) |  | 30.1 (6.4) |  |
Race | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 | Â | 0.34 |
 Chinese | 399 (55.9) | 108.4 (10.9) |  | 66.3 (8.2) | 0.004 | 95.9 (9.9) |  | 29.7 (6.4) |  |
 Indian | 118 (16.6) | 108.3 (10.8) |  | 65.4 (7.9) |  | 95.9 (9.3) |  | 30.4 (7.1) |  |
 Malay | 196 (27.5) | 111.8 (11.2) |  | 68.2 (8.3) |  | 98.7 (10.2) |  | 30.4 (6.3) |  |
Education | Â | Â | 0.005 | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | 0.84 |
 Primary-Secondary | 229 (32.1) | 109.7 (11.5) |  | 67.0 (8.4) | <0.001 | 97.2 (10.4) |  | 30.2 (6.5) |  |
 Post-Secondary | 245 (34.4) | 110.7 (11.4) |  | 67.9 (8.2) |  | 98.0 (10.0) |  | 30.1 (6.7) |  |
 Tertiary | 239 (33.5) | 107.5 (10.2) |  | 64.9 (7.8) |  | 94.8 (9.2) |  | 29.8 (6.3) |  |
Smoking Status | Â | Â | 0.01 | Â | 0.29 | Â | 0.14 | Â | 0.34 |
 Never smoker | 618 (86.7) | 108.9 (10.9) |  | 66.4 (8.4) |  | 96.5 (9.8) |  | 29.9 (6.4) |  |
 Ever smoker | 95 (13.3) | 111.9 (11.7) |  | 67.5 (8.5) |  | 98.1 (11.0) |  | 30.6 (6.8) |  |
Coffee Consumption | Â | Â | 0.80 | Â | 0.45 | Â | 0.39 | Â | 0.73 |
 No | 369 (51.8) | 109.2 (10.9) |  | 66.5 (8.4) |  | 96.4 (9.9) |  | 29.9 (6.8) |  |
 Yes | 344 (48.2) | 109.4 (11.2) |  | 66.9 (8.0) |  | 97.0 (9.9) |  | 30.1 (6.2) |  |
Parity | Â | Â | 0.47 | Â | 0.72 | Â | 0.26 | Â | 0.17 |
 Nulliparous | 311 (43.6) | 109.1 (11.0) |  | 66.6 (7.9) |  | 96.2 (9.6) |  | 29.6 (6.7) |  |
 Primiparous | 246 (34.5) | 108.9 (11.3) |  | 66.4 (8.3) |  | 96.6 (10.2) |  | 30.2 (6.5) |  |
 Multiparous | 156 (21.9) | 110.3 (10.7) |  | 67.1 (8.5) |  | 97.8 (10.2) |  | 30.7 (6.0) |  |
Gestational Diabetes** | Â | Â | 0.10 | Â | 0.02 | Â | 0.02 | Â | 0.40 |
 No | 540 (81.4) | 109.1 (10.7) |  | 66.4 (7.9) |  | 96.3 (9.6) |  | 29.9 (6.4) |  |
 Yes | 123 (18.6) | 110.9 (11.6) |  | 68.2 (8.6) |  | 98.7 (10.7) |  | 30.5 (6.4) |  |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)*** | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 | Â | 0.29 |
 <25.0 | 518 (76.4) | 107.0 (10.3) |  | 65.1 (7.6 ) |  | 94.7 (9.4) |  | 29.7 (6.5 ) |  |
 25.0-29.9 | 113 (16.7) | 114 (9.7) |  | 70.9 (8.3) |  | 101.3 (8.8) |  | 30.4 (6.4) |  |
 ≥30.0 | 47 (6.9) | 119.4 (10.8) |  | 73.4 (7.2) |  | 104.3 (8.9) |  | 30.9 (6.7) |  |
Rate of weight gain at 27Â weeks (kg/week)*** | Â | Â | 0.005 | Â | 0.004 | Â | 0.006 | Â | 0.80 |
 1st tertile (−0.42 – 0.25) | 227 (33.5) | 107.8 (11.0) |  | 65.9 (8.6) |  | 95.7 (10.1) |  | 29.8 (6.6) |  |
 2nd tertile (0.26 – 0.37) | 218 (32.2) | 108.4 (10.2) |  | 65.8 (8.1) |  | 95.6 (9.1) |  | 29.8 (6.6) |  |
 3rd tertile (0.38 – 1.38) | 233 (34.5) | 110.9 (11.2) |  | 68.1 (7.7) |  | 98.2 (10.0) |  | 30.1 (6.3) |  |
Second trimester BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 |
 <25.0 | 329 (46.2) | 104.7 (9.9) |  | 63.9 (7.7) |  | 92.9 (9.3) |  | 29.0 (6.2) |  |
 25.0-29.9 | 259 (36.3) | 110.9 (9.8) |  | 67.3 (7.4) |  | 98.2 (8.7) |  | 30.8 (6.5) |  |
 ≥30.0 | 125 (17.5) | 117.9 (10.6) |  | 72.8 (7.4) |  | 103.8 (9.4) |  | 31.0 (6.7) |  |
Depression | Â | Â | 0.99 | Â | 0.71 | Â | 0.46 | Â | 0.52 |
 Not depressed | 631 (88.5) | 109.3 (11.2) |  | 66.7 (8.1) |  | 96.8 (10.1) |  | 30.1 (6.5) |  |
 Depressed | 82 (11.5) | 109.3 (10.1) |  | 66.4 (9.0) |  | 95.9 (8.9) |  | 29.6 (6.1) |  |