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Table 3 Logistic regression odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of association between attitudes and decision-making autonomy and whether a woman delivered a recent birth in a facility, Ghana, 2012, 2013

From: Factors associated with institutional delivery in Ghana: the role of decision-making autonomy and community norms

Characteristics

Facility delivery vs. non-facility delivery

Facility delivery vs. non-facility delivery

Facility delivery vs. non-facility delivery

Facility delivery vs. non-facility delivery

Facility delivery vs. non-facility delivery

Facility delivery vs. non-facility delivery

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Time

      

 Baseline

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Midline

1.20 (0.80-1.81)

1.21 (0.81-1.81)

0.83 (0.56-1.25)

0.85 (0.57-1.27)

0.84 (0.55-1.28)

0.86 (0.56-1.32)

Age:

      

 <25

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 25-34

1.00 (0.71-1.39)

1.00 (0.71-1.40)

1.06 (0.77-1.46)

1.07 (0.77-1.47)

1.00 (0.73-1.37)

1.00 (0.73-1.38)

 35-49

1.17 (0.74-1.85)

1.18 (0.74-1.86)

1.24 (0.79-1.93)

1.26 (0.81-1.98)

1.13 (0.75-1.71)

1.15 (0.76-1.74)

Education:

      

 None

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Primary

1.40 (0.94-2.09)+

1.41 (0.94-2.10)+

1.31 (0.92-1.88)

1.32 (0.92-1.90)

1.43 (1.01-2.03)*

1.45 (1.02-2.07)*

 Secondary or higher

1.92 (1.27-2.92)**

1.93 (1.27-2.92)**

2.04 (1.40-2.96)***

2.06 (1.42-2.99)***

2.21 (1.52-3.23)***

2.26 (1.55-3.30)***

Ethnicity:

      

 Akan

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Mole-Dagbani

1.43 (0.43-4.84)

1.40 (0.41-4.72)

1.25 (0.34-4.61)

1.15 (0.32-4.20)

1.51 (0.45-5.09)

1.47 (0.44-4.93)

 Konkomba

5.31 (1.69-16.69)**

5.43 (1.74-16.96)**

3.25 (0.97-10.88)+

3.33 (1.01-10.95)*

2.34 (0.74-7.36)

2.40 (0.77-7.46)

 Other

1.45 (0.60-3.51)

1.45 (0.60-3.48)

1.35 (0.56-3.27)

1.30 (0.55-3.12)

1.49 (0.67-3.31)

1.46 (0.66-3.24)

Work status:

      

 Unpaid/unemployed

0.75 (0.57-1.00)+

0.76 (0.57-1.01)+

0.80 (0.61-1.06)

0.81 (0.62-1.07)

0.72 (0.55-0.95)*

0.73 (0.56-0.96)*

 Self-employed/paid work

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Religion:

      

 Christian

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Muslim

1.34 (0.67-2.66)

1.33 (0.67-2.63)

1.25 (0.57-2.77)

1.23 (0.57-2.70)

1.25 (0.58-2.72)

1.23 (0.57-2.64)

 None/traditional/other

0.53 (0.33-0.86)**

0.53 (0.33-0.86)**

0.50 (0.30-0.83)**

0.51 (0.31-0.84)**

0.47 (0.30-0.75)**

0.47 (0.29-0.75)***

 Parity (continuous):

0.95 (0.92-0.98)**

0.95 (0.92-0.98)**

0.95 (0.92-0.98)**

0.95 (0.92-0.98)**

0.96 (0.93-0.99)**

0.96 (0.93-0.99)**

Region:

      

 Central

2.83 (0.96-8.33)+

2.73 (0.92-8.09)+

1.98 (0.62-6.39)

1.84 (0.57-5.93)

2.15 (0.72-6.44)

2.06 (0.68-6.23)

 Northern

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Wealth category

      

 Poorest

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Medium

1.30 (0.99-1.72)+

1.30 (0.98-1.72)+

1.24 (0.93-1.63)

1.21 (0.91-1.61)

1.28 (0.97-1.68)+

1.26 (0.96-1.67)

 Richest

1.93 (1.32-2.82)***

1.93 (1.32-2.83)***

1.87 (1.25-2.81)**

1.87 (1.24-2.81)**

1.94 (1.29-2.90)***

1.95 (1.30-2.92)***

Decision-making about woman’s healthcare

      

 Woman/joint decision-making

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Husband alone

0.81 (0.63-1.05)

0.37 (0.07-1.99)

0.74 (0.58-0.96)*

0.04 (0.01-0.32)**

0.73 (0.57-0.94)*

0.08 (0.01-0.50)**

 Other

2.22 (1.09-4.53)*

5.73 (0.14-227.93)

1.65 (0.82-3.31)

0.41 (0.01-23.09)

1.77 (0.83-3.76)

1.11 (0.03-42.74)

Perceived number of women that delivery in facility

1.83 (1.53-2.19)***

1.84 (1.53-2.20)***

Na

Na

Na

Na

Perception of men’s attitude toward facility delivery

Na

Na

1.36 (1.18-1.55)***

1.36 (1.19-1.56)***

Na

Na

Perception of MIL attitude toward facility delivery

Na

Na

Na

Na

1.40 (1.18-1.65)***

1.41 (1.19-1.66)***

Community attitudes

      

 Attitudes toward number that delivery in facility

4.13 (2.49-6.85)***

3.62 (2.02-6.51)***

Na

Na

Na

Na

 Men’s attitudes toward facility delivery

Na

Na

3.70 (2.27-6.05)***

2.48 (1.47-4.19)***

Na

Na

 MIL attitudes toward facility delivery

Na

Na

Na

Na

3.46 (1.85-6.45)***

2.20 (1.11-4.34)*

Interactions

      

 Community attitude *Husband alone decides

Na

1.33 (0.72-2.45)

Na

2.14 (1.26-3.62)**

Na

2.25 (1.15-4.42)*

 Community attitude *Other decide

Na

0.70 (0.19-2.59)

Na

1.45 (0.50-4.22)

Na

1.18 (0.30-4.62)

  1. Na – not applicable for that model. Sample size slightly smaller than full sample since small number of missing observations were dropped for perception questions by model.
  2. +p ≤ 0.10; *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001.