Table 3 Patient, population, and market factors associated with cesarean section by payer

Age (years)

Reference Group 18-24

Under 18

0.998

0.981

1.016

1.046

1.024

1.069

0.875

0.843

0.909

25–29

0.891

0.883

0.900

0.794

0.783

0.805

1.007

0.993

1.021

30–34

0.876

0.868

0.885

0.821

0.807

0.836

0.954

0.941

0.967

35–39

1.006

0.994

1.018

0.984

0.961

1.008

1.079

1.062

1.096

40–44

1.317

1.288

1.345

1.236

1.184

1.291

1.438

1.401

1.475

45–64

2.085

1.936

2.247

1.650

1.414

1.927

2.392

2.190

2.612

Payer

Reference Group Private

Medicaid

0.773

0.767

0.779

Other

0.707

0.696

0.718

Patient race

Reference Group White

Black

1.113

1.100

1.126

1.062

1.045

1.079

1.176

1.155

1.197

Hispanic

0.850

0.841

0.858

0.780

0.768

0.793

0.965

0.950

0.980

Asian

0.994

0.979

1.010

0.908

0.878

0.938

1.045

1.025

1.066

Native American

0.994

0.952

1.038

0.875

0.822

0.932

1.124

1.054

1.199

Other

1.051

1.033

1.070

0.974

0.948

1.001

1.125

1.099

1.152

Missing

0.997

0.980

1.015

0.945

0.915

0.975

1.026

1.002

1.051

Infant birth weight

Reference Group Normal

Very low (<1500 g)

1.127

1.038

1.224

1.114

1.002

1.238

1.126

1.009

1.257

Low (1500 < 2500 g)

1.964

1.375

2.806

1.937

1.145

3.275

1.822

1.088

3.051

High (4500 g+)

1.074

0.877

1.314

1.374

0.956

1.975

0.899

0.697

1.160

Maternal conditions

Maternal distress, not specified

1.970

1.610

2.411

2.018

1.510

2.697

1.870

1.396

2.504

Placenta previa

14.75

14.04

15.49

14.673

13.49

15.963

14.776

13.850

15.763

Hypertension

2.081

2.053

2.110

2.128

2.082

2.174

2.042

2.006

2.078

Pre-eclampsia

1.679

1.646

1.712

1.631

1.583

1.679

1.723

1.680

1.767

Diabetes

1.840

1.819

1.862

1.968

1.930

2.007

1.772

1.744

1.800

Herpes

3.062

2.950

3.178

3.819

3.608

4.042

2.552

2.426

2.686

HIV

2.986

2.729

3.268

3.428

3.078

3.818

2.201

1.834

2.641

Prior myomectomy

22.60

20.73

24.64

17.41

14.80

20.49

24.85

22.36

27.63

Population characteristics

Percentage of population 25 years or older with bachelor's degree or higher

0.993

0.989

0.997

0.994

0.990

0.998

0.994

0.990

0.998

Percentage of population below poverty level

0.998

0.992

1.004

0.995

0.987

1.003

0.998

0.992

1.004

African American – Percentage in the population

1.003

1.001

1.005

1.001

0.999

1.003

1.005

1.003

1.007

Hispanic – Percentage in the population

1.001

0.999

1.003

1.001

0.999

1.003

1.001

0.999

1.003

Other – Percentage in the population

0.998

0.994

1.002

0.998

0.994

1.002

0.998

0.994

1.002

Gini Index

1.027

1.015

1.040

1.023

1.011

1.035

1.033

1.020

1.045

Market characteristics

Hospital market share 1–100 (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index)

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.999

0.997

1.001

0.998

0.998

0.998

Average malpractice payment

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

Number of hospital births

1.001

0.999

1.003

1.001

0.999

1.003

1.001

0.999

1.003

Percentage of acute care beds: teaching hospital

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

Percentage of acute care hospitals: bed size 0–99

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

Percentage of for-profit hospitals

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

Acute care beds per 1,000 capita

1.051

1.011

1.093

1.067

1.022

1.114

1.031

0.990

1.075

OB beds per 1,000 capita

0.936

0.744

1.177

0.923

0.710

1.200

1.028

0.807

1.311

Neonatal ICU beds per 1,000 capita

0.959

0.906

1.015

0.964

0.905

1.026

0.950

0.900

1.004

Primary care medical doctors per 100,000 capita

0.997

0.995

0.999

0.997

0.995

0.999

0.997

0.995

0.999

OB/GYN physicians per 100,000 capita

1.012

1.004

1.020

1.007

0.999

1.015

1.014

1.006

1.022

Midwives per 100,000 capita

0.991

0.983

0.999

0.993

0.983

1.003

0.991

0.983

0.999