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Table 2 Empowerment among non-pregnant women in Ghana who had been pregnant and in a relationship in the past 12 months (N = 418)

From: Empowerment and use of antenatal care among women in Ghana: a cross-sectional study

 

Overall

Adequacy

p

  

Adequate

Inadequate

 

N = 294 (73.6%)

N = 124 (26.4%)

Partner control

    

Partner frequently accused her of being unfaithful

19 (4.6%)

10 (3.8%)

9 (6.6%)

0.231

Partner frequently tried to limit her contact with her family

21 (4.3%)

14 (3.7%)

7 (5.8%)

0.378

Partner insisted on knowing where she was at all times

193 (46.1%)

116 (40.4%)

77 (61.5%)

<0.001

Partner did not trust her with money

23 (5.4%)

15 (5.6%)

8 (5.0%)

0.787

Partner control index+ [Mean (SE); Range 0 - 4]

0.6 (0.04)

0.5 (0.05)

0.8 (0.06)

0.004

Emotional abuse

112 (29.3%)

69 (26.0%)

43 (38.4%)

0.031

Physical abuse

21 (4.3%)

10 (2.9%)

11 (8.2%)

0.024

  1. Note: Numbers of missing values per item range from 14 to 21. Unless otherwise indicated, results are presented as unweighted counts and weighted percentages.
  2. +Partner control is the number of the following statements to which participants responded “yes”: 1) Partner frequently accused [respondent] of being unfaithful; 2) Partner frequently tried to limit [respondent’s] contact with her family; 3) Partner insisted on knowing where [respondent] was at all times; 4) Partner did not trust [respondent] with money.
  3. P-values derived from t-tests and Rao-Scott Chi-Square tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.