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Table 3 Risk factors for adverse maternal outcome among 31,269 women with a postpartum haemorrhage

From: Trends in adverse maternal outcomes during childbirth: a population-based study of severe maternal morbidity

 

Maternal morbidity

  
 

Yes N = 3745%

No N = 27524%

Crude OR (95%CI)

Adjusted OR* (95%CI)

Year (ref = 1999) †

  

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

Maternal age

    

   <20

4.9

4.2

1.24 (1.05–1.45)

1.25 (1.06–1.48)

   20–34

73.6

78.3

1.00

1.00 (Referent)

   ≥ 35

21.5

17.5

1.30 (1.19–1.42)

1.16 (1.06–1.27)

Parity

    

   0

48.8

47.1

1.18 (1.09–1.28)

1.14 (1.04–1.25)

   1

26.5

30.3

1

1.00 (Referent)

   2

13.4

13.6

1.12 (1.00–1.28)

1.10 (0.98–1.23)

   3

5.9

5.3

1.24 (1.06–1.45)

1.19 (1.01–1.40)

   ≥ 4

5.6

3.8

1.69 (1.43–1.99)

1.41 (1.19–1.68)

Previous caesarean

12.1

6.9

1.85 (1.66–2.07)

1.52 (1.33–1.73)

Multiple pregnancy

5.3

2.6

2.12 (1.80–2.49)

1.61 (1.35–1.92)

Malpresentation

5.3

3.1

1.68 (1.43–1.97)

Not retained

Smoking

17.8

15.2

1.21 (1.10–1.32)

1.19 (1.08–1.31)

Diabetes

    

   Pre-gestational

0.5

0.3

1.76 (1.04–2.99)

Not retained

   Gestational

5.3

4.4

1.19 (1.02–1.39)

Not retained

Hypertension

16.3

11.6

1.49 (1.35–1.64)

1.30 (1.18–1.44)

Renal disease

0.4

0.1

2.92 (1.61–5.32)

2.76 (1.49–5.11)

Cardiac disease

1.7

0.3

5.10 (3.67–7.10)

4.13 (2.94–5.81)

Antepartum haemorrhage

8.3

2.5

3.54 (3.07–4.07)

2.53 (2.16–2.95)

Hospital type

    

   Small rural

10.8

9.1

1.22 (1.09–1.37)

1.41 (1.26–1.59)

   District

27.0

26.3

1.06 (0.97–1.15)

1.18 (1.08–1.28)

   Tertiary obstetric

49.5

50.9

1.00 (Referent)

1.00 (Referent)

   Private

12.7

13.7

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

0.99 (1.88–1.09)

Induction of labour

33.1

30.1

1.15 (1.07–1.24)

1.19 (1.10–1.28)

Mode of delivery

    

   Spontaneous vaginal

54.8

70.3

1.00 (Referent)

1.00 (Referent)

   Instrumental

21.1

17.2

1.59 (1.45–1.73)

1.56 (1.42–1.72)

   CS prior to labour

11.4

5.7

2.60 (2.31–2.92)

1.74 (1.51–2.00)

   CS during labour

12.7

6.8

2.38 (2.13–2.66)

1.99 (1.77–2.24)

Gestational age (weeks)

    

   20–32

3.8

1.9

2.05 (1.68–2.49)

1.39 (1.13–1.72)

   33–36

6.9

4.0

1.80 (1.56–2.08)

1.27 (1.09–1.48)

   37+

89.3

94.1

1.00 (Referent)

1.00 (Referent)

  1. *Adjusted for other factors in the table as indicated; Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit
  2. P = 0.46.
  3. † linear, for each extra year the odds ratio (OR) approximates change in rate.
  4. CS caesarean section.