Table 4 Results of the multilevel analysis of the predictors of indicators of use of maternal and child health services.
Characteristics | n | Odds Ratio (Std. Error)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Antenatal care | Medical personnel at delivery | Postnatal care |
   Fixed Effects b | ||||
Individual Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   None RC) | 1013 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Primary | 537 | 1.88*** (0.30) | 1.69*** (0.28) | 1.65*** (0.25) |
   Secondary | 501 | 2.01*** (0.43) | 3.01*** (0.60) | 2.06*** (0.38) |
   Post-secondary | 107 | 5.03** (2.64) | 10.68*** (4.88) | 3.50*** (1.15) |
Age at last birth in single years | 2158 | 1.18** (0.07) | 1.08 (0.07) | 1.13* (0.07) |
Square of age at last birth | 2158 | 0.99** (0.001) | 0.99 (0.001) | 0.99* (0.001) |
Ethnic Group | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Hausa RC) | 656 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Yoruba | 313 | 1.22 (0.51) | 1.62 (0.58) | 1.57 (0.52) |
   Igbo | 221 | 2.09§(0.87) | 3.76**** (1.49) | 2.10* (0.78) |
   Fulani | 136 | 0.68 (0.18) | 0.77 (0.25) | 1.22 (0.33) |
   Kanuri | 66 | 0.67 (0.34) | 1.72 (0.90) | 0.97 (0.50) |
   Others | 766 | 1.35 (0.32) | 2.04** (0.53) | 1.55§(0.38) |
Child's rank of birth | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   3 + (RC) | 750 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   1 -- 2 | 1408 | 1.17 (0.19) | 1.22 (0.20) | 1.10 (0.16) |
Attitudes towards family planning | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Disapprove (RC) |  |  |  |  |
   Approve | 1097 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
|  | 1061 | 1.64*** (0.22) | 1.28§(0.17) | 1.58*** (0.20) |
Ideal family size | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Provided a non-numeric response (Up to God, etc.) (RC) |  |  |  |  |
   Provided a numeric response | 1036 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Â | 1122 | 1.14 (0.16) | 1.71*** (0.24) | 1.47** (0.19) |
Household Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Household socio-economic status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Very poor (RC) |  |  |  |  |
   Poor | 440 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   Medium | 466 | 1.53* (0.27) | 1.88** (0.43) | 1.01 (0.20) |
   Rich | 394 | 2.48*** (0.48) | 2.72*** (0.62) | 1.69** (0.34) |
   Very rich | 431 | 3.76*** (0.87) | 4.27*** (1.07) | 2.46*** (0.55) |
| Â | 427 | 5.86*** (1.69) | 4.34*** (1.23) | 3.02*** (0.76) |
Community Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Type of Place of Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Rural (RC) |  |  |  |  |
   Urban | 1495 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Â | 663 | 2.36*** (0.48) | 1.69** (0.33) | 1.63** (0.29) |
Community media saturation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low (RC) |  |  |  |  |
   Medium | 858 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   High | 692 | 1.51* (0.25) | 1.44* (0.27) | 1.51* (0.26) |
| Â | 608 | 1.29 (0.36) | 2.17** (0.58) | 1.20 (0.30) |
Prevalence of small family norm in community | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low (< 11%) (RC) |  |  |  |  |
   Medium (11 -- 30%) | 927 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
   High (< 30%) | 663 | 1.39 (0.30) | 1.50§(0.33) | 1.14 (0.24) |
| Â | 568 | 1.91* (0.58) | 1.85* (0.53) | 1.49 (0.40) |
State-level Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Average number of people to a PHC in the state of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Small (< 5500) (RC) |  |  |  |  |
   Medium (5500 -- 9000) |  |  |  |  |
   Large (> 9000) | 737 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Â | 735 | 0.63 (0.24) | 0.71 (0.24) | 0.87 (0.30) |
| Â | 716 | 0.42* (0.16) | 0.41** (0.14) | 0.66 (0.23) |
   Random Effects | ||||
State Level Variance | Â | 0.70** (0.23) | 0.56** (0.19) | 0.60** (0.20) |
Residual intra-class correlation | Â | 0.183 | 0.152 | 0.160 |
Log-likelihood | Â | -939.50 | -881.86 | -1052.80 |
AIC | Â | 1931.01 | 1815.73 | 2157.61 |