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Table 2 Health-Related Variables

From: Optimism/pessimism and health-related quality of life during pregnancy across three continents: a matched cohort study in China, Ghana, and the United States

Variable

China (C)

Percent (N)

Ghana (G)

Percent (N)

US (U)

Percent (N)

Significance

Number of pregnancies

Mean: 2.3

Mean: 2.3

Mean: 2.2

Anova, p = .877

   ≤ 1:

30.3 (17)

28.6 (16)

35.7 (20)

 

   2:

33.9 (19)

32.1 (18)

26.8 (15)

 

   ≥ 3:

35.7 (20)

39.3 (21)

35.7 (20)

 

Number of deliveries

Mean: 0.11

Mean: 0.98

Mean: 0.76

Anova, p < .001

   0:

85.7 (48)

35.7 (20)

50 (28)

CvG: p < .001

   1:

10.7 (6)

35.7 (20)

30.4 (17)

CvU: p < .001

   2:

0

23.2 (13)

10.7 (6)

GvU: p = .32 (NS)

   3+:

0

5.4 (3)

7.2 (4)

 

Description of current pregnancy

Mean: 1.2 on a scale of 1-4

Mean: 2.0

Mean: 1.9

Anova, p < .001

1 = Very Easy

77.6 (38)

41.1 (23)

29.1 (16)

CvG: p < .001

2 = Somewhat easy

16.3 (8)

28.6 (16)

50.9 (28)

CvU: p < .001GvU: p = .89(NS)

3 = Somewhat difficult

6.1 (3)

4.5 (17.9)

16.4 (9)

 

4 = Extremely Difficult

0

12.5 (7)

3.6 (2)

 

Seen a healthcare professional for emotional issues*

   

(Never vs. Ever)

Ever

5.4 (3)

12.7 (7)

38.2 (21)

CvG: p = .54 (NS)

Currently

0 (0)

8.9 (5)

3.7 (2)

CvU: p < .001

Never

94.6 (53)

87.5 (48)

61.8 (34)

GvU: p < .001

Treated for emotional issues with prescription medication*

   

(Never vs. Ever)

Ever

1.8 (1)

12.5 (7)

18.5 (10)

CvG: p = .15 (NS)

Currently

0 (0)

10.7 (6)

5.5 (3)

CvU: p = .013

Never

98.2 (55)

87.5 (49)

81.5 (44)

GvU: p = .55 (NS)

  1. *Ns may total more than 56. Two separate questions were asked: "Have you ever been treated... yes/no" and "Are you currently being treated...yes/no " Thus the number "currently being treated" is a subset of the number who have "ever been treated." ANOVAs were conducted using the "ever treated" and "never treated" groups for comparison.