From: Borderline gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy outcomes
Outcome | Borderline GDM | Normal OGCT | Unadjusted relative risk [95% CI] | p value | Adjusted relative risk [95% CI] | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Births | n = 140 (%) | n = 1596 (%) | ||||
Infant death or adverse outcome | 18 (12.9) | 162 (10.2) | 1.27 [0.80, 2.00] | 0.31 | 1.25 [0.79. 1.98] | 0.34 |
Stillbirth | 1 (0.7) | 13 (0.8) | 0.88 [0.12, 6.65] | 0.90 | 0.79 [0.10, 6.08] | 0.82 |
Neonatal death | 0 | 5 (0.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Perinatal death | 1 (0.7) | 18 (1.1) | 0.63 [0.09, 4.71] | 0.66 | 0.56 [0.07, 4.21] | 0.57 |
GA at birth a (weeks) | 39.7 (38.5–40.9) | 40.1 (39.0–41.0) | -- | 0.004 | -- | 0.003 |
Preterm birth (GA <37 weeks) | 15 (10.7) | 102 (6.4) | 1.68 [1.00, 2.80] | 0.05 | 1.64 [0.97, 2.75] | 0.06 |
Very preterm birth (GA <34 weeks) | 4 (2.9) | 33 (2.1) | 1.38 [0.50, 3.84] | 0.54 | 1.40 [0.50, 3.91] | 0.53 |
Extremely preterm birth (GA <28 weeks) | 0 | 12 (0.8) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Apgar 5 minute <7 | 3 (2.1) | 33 (2.1) | 1.04 [0.32, 3.33] | 0.95 | 1.05 [0.32, 3.40] | 0.94 |
Birthweight b (g) | 3375 ± 626.3 | 3388 ± 593.4 | -13.0 [-116, 89.5] | 0.80 | -28.8 [-132, 73.9] | 0.58 |
Birth length b (cm) | 50.2 ± 2.5 | 50.3 ± 3.3 | -0.06 [-0.6, 0.5] | 0.82 | -0.09 [-0.7, 0.5] | 0.75 |
Birth head circumference b (cm) | 34.3 ± 1.8 | 34.4 ± 1.9 | -0.10 [-0.4, 0.2] | 0.55 | -0.17 [-0.5, 0.2] | 0.34 |
Liveborns | n = 139 (%) | n = 1583 (%) | ||||
SFGA (Birthweight <10th percentile) | 10 (7.2) | 153 (9.7) | 0.74 [0.40, 1.38] | 0.35 | 0.76 [0.41. 1.42] | 0.39 |
LFGA (Birthweight ≥90th percentile) | 19 (13.7) | 153 (9.7) | 1.41 [0.91, 2.20] | 0.13 | 1.29 [0.83, 2.00] | 0.27 |
Macrosomia (Birthweight ≥4.5 kg) | 6 (4.3) | 27 (1.7) | 2.53 [1.06, 6.03] | 0.04 | 2.27 [0.97, 5.34] | 0.06 |
Length of stay a (days) | 3 (3–5) | 3 (2–4) | -- | 0.001 | -- | 0.01 |
Admission to nursery | 56 (40.3) | 450 (28.4) | 1.42 [1.14, 1.76] | 0.002 | 1.35 [1.09, 1.68] | 0.01 |
Admission to NICU | 9 (6.5) | 47 (3.0) | 2.18 [1.09, 4.36] | 0.03 | 2.05 [1.02, 4.13] | 0.04 |
RDS | 0 | 14 (0.9) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Mechanical ventilation | 2 (1.4) | 33 (2.1) | 0.69 [0.17, 2.85] | 0.61 | 0.65 [0.16, 2.71] | 0.56 |
Antibiotics <48 hours | 14 (10.1) | 78 (4.9) | 2.04 [1.19, 3.51] | 0.01 | 2.14 [1.24, 3.68] | 0.01 |
Sarnat stage 2 or 3 encephalopathy | 18 (12.9) | 124 (7.8) | 1.65 [1.04, 2.63] | 0.03 | 1.69 [1.06, 2.69] | 0.03 |