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Table 3 Clinical outcomes among babies born to women with borderline GDM compared with women with a normal OGCT

From: Borderline gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy outcomes

Outcome

Borderline GDM

Normal OGCT

Unadjusted relative risk

[95% CI]

p value

Adjusted relative risk

[95% CI]

p value

Births

n = 140 (%)

n = 1596 (%)

    

Infant death or adverse outcome

18 (12.9)

162 (10.2)

1.27 [0.80, 2.00]

0.31

1.25 [0.79. 1.98]

0.34

Stillbirth

1 (0.7)

13 (0.8)

0.88 [0.12, 6.65]

0.90

0.79 [0.10, 6.08]

0.82

Neonatal death

0

5 (0.3)

--

--

--

--

Perinatal death

1 (0.7)

18 (1.1)

0.63 [0.09, 4.71]

0.66

0.56 [0.07, 4.21]

0.57

GA at birth a (weeks)

39.7 (38.5–40.9)

40.1 (39.0–41.0)

--

0.004

--

0.003

Preterm birth (GA <37 weeks)

15 (10.7)

102 (6.4)

1.68 [1.00, 2.80]

0.05

1.64 [0.97, 2.75]

0.06

Very preterm birth (GA <34 weeks)

4 (2.9)

33 (2.1)

1.38 [0.50, 3.84]

0.54

1.40 [0.50, 3.91]

0.53

Extremely preterm birth (GA <28 weeks)

0

12 (0.8)

--

--

--

--

Apgar 5 minute <7

3 (2.1)

33 (2.1)

1.04 [0.32, 3.33]

0.95

1.05 [0.32, 3.40]

0.94

Birthweight b (g)

3375 ± 626.3

3388 ± 593.4

-13.0 [-116, 89.5]

0.80

-28.8 [-132, 73.9]

0.58

Birth length b (cm)

50.2 ± 2.5

50.3 ± 3.3

-0.06 [-0.6, 0.5]

0.82

-0.09 [-0.7, 0.5]

0.75

Birth head circumference b (cm)

34.3 ± 1.8

34.4 ± 1.9

-0.10 [-0.4, 0.2]

0.55

-0.17 [-0.5, 0.2]

0.34

Liveborns

n = 139 (%)

n = 1583 (%)

    

SFGA (Birthweight <10th percentile)

10 (7.2)

153 (9.7)

0.74 [0.40, 1.38]

0.35

0.76 [0.41. 1.42]

0.39

LFGA (Birthweight ≥90th percentile)

19 (13.7)

153 (9.7)

1.41 [0.91, 2.20]

0.13

1.29 [0.83, 2.00]

0.27

Macrosomia (Birthweight ≥4.5 kg)

6 (4.3)

27 (1.7)

2.53 [1.06, 6.03]

0.04

2.27 [0.97, 5.34]

0.06

Length of stay a (days)

3 (3–5)

3 (2–4)

--

0.001

--

0.01

Admission to nursery

56 (40.3)

450 (28.4)

1.42 [1.14, 1.76]

0.002

1.35 [1.09, 1.68]

0.01

Admission to NICU

9 (6.5)

47 (3.0)

2.18 [1.09, 4.36]

0.03

2.05 [1.02, 4.13]

0.04

RDS

0

14 (0.9)

--

--

--

--

Mechanical ventilation

2 (1.4)

33 (2.1)

0.69 [0.17, 2.85]

0.61

0.65 [0.16, 2.71]

0.56

Antibiotics <48 hours

14 (10.1)

78 (4.9)

2.04 [1.19, 3.51]

0.01

2.14 [1.24, 3.68]

0.01

Sarnat stage 2 or 3 encephalopathy

18 (12.9)

124 (7.8)

1.65 [1.04, 2.63]

0.03

1.69 [1.06, 2.69]

0.03

  1. a Values are median (IR range). b Value is mean ± standard deviation, and the comparison is mean difference (95% CI). GA, gestational age; SFGA, small for gestational age; LFGA, large for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome