Table 3 Characteristics of children and their environment for children in each risk category
| Â | Path A (high risk of developmental problems) | Path B (moderate risk of developmental problems) | Path C (elevated risk of behavioral and/or mental health problems) | Path E (extremely low to no risk) | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n (%) N = 86 | n (%) N = 239 | n (%) N = 186 | n (%) N = 280 | p-value |
Child's health history and current health | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male infant | 60 (70) | 124 (52) | 88 (47) | 111 (40) | <0.001 |
Ear infections prior to age 2 | 46 (53) | 90 (39) | 68 (37) | 96 (35) | 0.018 |
Child has problems with vision | 4 (5) | 8 (3) | 6 (3) | 8 (3) | 0.846 |
Child's current general health | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Excellent/Very good | 73 (85) | 215 (90) | 177 (95) | 266 (95) | 0.003 |
   Fair/Poor/Terrible | 13 (15) | 24 (10) | 9 (5) | 14 (5) |  |
Compared to 1 year ago, child's health is*: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   About the same | 49 (57) | 170 (71) | 141 (76) | 219 (78) | 0.007 |
   Better | 34 (40) | 62 (26) | 38 (20) | 55 (20) |  |
   Worse | 3 (3) | 7 (3) | 7 (4) | 6 (2) |  |
Preterm delivery | 5 (6) | 15 (7) | 16 (9) | 13 (5) | 0.388 |
Child's health care | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Child has been referred to: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Early intervention program | 8 (9) | 7 (3) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | <0.001 |
   Speech and language pathologist | 21 (35) | 30 (13) | 3 (2) | 6 (2) | <0.001 |
   Child developmental pediatrician | 8 (9) | 7 (3) | 3 (2) | 4 (1) | 0.005 |
   Psychologist | 3 (3) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.003 |
   Physiotherapist | 7 (8) | 8 (3) | 3 (2) | 9 (3) | 0.071 |
Child has had any referral | 37 (43) | 58 (24) | 22 (12) | 35 (13) | <0.001 |
Child has had hearing tested | 41 (48) | 67 (28) | 58 (31) | 53 (19) | <0.001 |
Child has had hearing tested due to repeat or chronic ear infection | 11 (27) | 6 (9) | 5 (9) | 6 (11) | 0.028 |
Hearing tested due to suspected deafness | 15 (39) | 14 (21) | 6 (10) | 8 (15) | 0.006 |
Mother's demographics and lifestyle | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Married/Common-law | 79 (92) | 229 (96) | 173 (94) | 265 (95) | 0.014 |
   Separated/Divorced | 2 (2) | 6 (3) | 2 (1) | 12 (4) |  |
   Single | 5 (6) | 4 (2) | 10 (5) | 3 (1) |  |
Age < 25 years | 2 (2) | 11 (5) | 13 (7) | 9 (3) | 0.217 |
Working at paid job | 52 (61) | 142 (59) | 104 (57) | 184 (66) | 0.220 |
Education is high school or lower | 18 (21) | 40 (17) | 28 (15) | 38 (14) | 0.393 |
Current household income per year | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   <$40,000 | 13 (16) | 19 (8) | 15 (8) | 18 (7) | 0.014 |
   $40,000–$80,000 | 35 (43) | 85 (37) | 68 (40) | 79 (30) |  |
   >$80,000 | 34 (41) | 123 (54) | 89 (52) | 164 (63) |  |
Mother's mental and emotional health history | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
History of depression prior to pregnancy | 31 (36) | 49 (20) | 36 (19) | 56 (20) | 0.009 |
Witnessed abuse prior to pregnancy* | 46 (53) | 86 (36) | 76 (41) | 98 (35) | 0.014 |
History of abuse prior to pregnancy* | 40 (47) | 80 (33) | 68 (37) | 73 (26) | 0.003 |
Poor network orientation during pregnancy | 6 (7) | 4 (2) | 10 (5) | 6 (2) | 0.024 |
Feelings of distress during pregnancy | 39 (45) | 77 (32) | 66 (35) | 82 (29) | 0.043 |
Feelings of contentment, relaxation, and well-being during pregnancy | 43 (50) | 155 (65) | 139 (75) | 207 (74) | <0.001 |
Mother's mental and emotional health post partum | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Edinburgh Post Partum Score >10 within first 4 months | 9(12) | 17 (9) | 12 (8) | 16 (7) | 0.523 |
Edinburgh Post Partum Score >13 within first 4 months | 3(4) | 8 (4) | 4 (3) | 5 (2) | 0.659 |
≥2 weeks of depression since infant born | 40 (47) | 84 (35) | 76 (41) | 81 (29) | 0.007 |
Rating of current physical health is fair/poor/terrible | 30 (35) | 61 (26) | 41 (22) | 59 (21) | 0.058 |
Rating of current emotional health is fair/poor/terrible | 29 (34) | 62 (26) | 49 (26) | 63 (23) | 0.217 |
Currently some tension in relationship with partner | 45 (56) | 92 (40) | 64 (36) | 92 (34) | 0.004 |
Rating of current social support is fair/poor/terrible | 13 (15) | 26 (11) | 22 (12) | 29 (10) | 0.670 |
Parenting | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
High Parenting Morale | 71 (83) | 215 (90) | 167 (90) | 262 (94) | 0.024 |
Parent reads to child once or more per day | 74 (86) | 211 (88) | 164 (89) | 247(89) | 0.930 |
Family eats 1 or more meals together daily | 64 (74) | 207 (87) | 147 (79) | 240 (86) | 0.014 |