Table 1 Factors associated with four or more antenatal care visits in Nepal

Women’s age at birth of child in years (Mean, SD)

25.3

24.3 (4.87)

<0.001

0.021

For every ten years increase in age of women

Linear

0.66 (0.57 to 0.77)

<0.001

1.34 (1.05 to 1.72)

Quadratic

0.63 (0.52 to 0.76)

<0.001

Women’s education

<0.001

<0.001

No education

1822

523 (28.7)

1 (Referent category)

1 (referent category)

Primary education

835

431 (51.6)

2.65 (2.15 to 3.26)

1.72 (1.38 to 2.14)

Secondary education

1229

881 (71.7)

6.28 (5.00 to 7.89)

2.50 (1.94 to 3.22)

Tertiary education

263

243 (92.6)

30.86 (15.67 to 60.77)

7.11 (3.28 to 15.44)

Women’s work status in the past 12 months

0.001

-

-

Didn't work in paid employment

1150

652 (56.7)

1 (Referent category)

Worked in paid employment

2999

1426 (47.5)

0.69 (0.56 to 0.86)

Wealth quintile to which the women’s household belonged

<0.001

<0.001

Poorest

979

277 (28.3)

1 (Referent category)

1 (Referent category)

Poorer

899

352 (39.1)

1.63 (1.26 to 2.11)

1.17 (0.88 to 1.56)

Middle

873

419 (48.0)

2.35 (1.71 to 3.21)

1.28 (0.90 to 1.83)

Richer

748

487 (65.1)

4.74 (3.44 to 6.54)

1.87 (1.28 to 2.74)

Richest

649

543 (83.7)

13.03 (9.28 to 18.30)

3.00 (1.95 to 4.60)

Religion

0.023

-

-

Hindu

3444

1787 (51.9)

1 (Referent category)

Buddhist

360

158 (43.9)

0.73 (0.52 to 1.02)

Muslim

235

82 (34.9)

0.50 (0.30 to 0.82)

Kirat

58

29 (50.1)

0.93 (0.45 to 1.92)

Christian

51

22 (43.4)

0.71 (0.37 to 1.36)

Women’s smoking status

<0.001

0.036

Smokers

511

133 (26.1)

1 (Referent category)

1 (Referent category)

Non-smokers

3638

1945 (53.5)

3.26 (2.43 to 4.38)

1.40 (1.02 to 1.92)

Whether women participated in at least one of the three decisions regarding their own health care, major household purchases and visit to their family or relatives

0.005

0.005

No

2473

1134 (45.9)

1 (Referent category)

1 (Referent category)

Yes

1675

943 (56.3)

1.52 (1.27 to 1.82)

1.32 (1.09 to 1.60)

Whether women were exposed to any of the three general media (radio, television or newspaper/magazines) at least once a week

0.008

-

-

No

1641

754 (46.0)

1 (Referent category)

Yes

2507

1324 (52.8)

1.32 (1.08 to 1.61)

Women’s parity (Mean, SD)

2.6

2.1 (1.29)

<0.001

<.001

For each unit increase in live birth

0.65 (0.61 to 0.70)

0.78 (0.71 to 0.86)

Whether pregnancy wanted at the time

0.001

-

-

Wanted pregnancy

3017

1582 (52.4)

1 (Referent category)

Unwanted pregnancy

1131

496 (43.8)

0.71 (0.58 to 0.86)

History of previous pregnancies

0.011

-

-

No complications in previous pregnancies

3484

1777 (51.0)

1 (Referent category)

Complications in previous pregnancies

664

301 (45.3)

0.79 (0.67 to 0.95)

Use of modern family planning

0.717

-

-

No

2781

1385 (49.8)

1 (Referent category)

Yes

1367

693 (50.7)

1.04 (0.86 to 1.25)

Ecological zones of residence

0.179

-

-

Terai

2174

1108 (50.9)

1 (Referent category)

Hill

1669

840 (50.3)

0.98 (0.70 to 1.36)

Mountain

306

130 (42.7)

0.72 (0.49 to 1.05)

Residence

<0.001

-

-

Rural

3730

1778 (47.7)

1 (Referent category)

Urban

418

300 (71.8)

2.79 (2.13 to 3.65)

Husband’s education

<0.001

0.010

No education

872

200 (23.0)

1 (Referent category)

1 (Referent category)

Primary

984

395 (40.2)

2.26 (1.67 to 3.04)

1.55 (1.12 to 2.13)

Secondary

1809

1104 (61.1)

5.26 (3.94 to 7.01)

1.81 (1.31 to 2.51)

Tertiary

461

367 (79.7)

13.15 (8.89 to 19.45)

1.60 (0.98 to 2.61)

Don’t know

22

10 (45.0)

2.75 (0.84 to 8.95)

2.54 (0.74 to 8.74)

Husband’s occupation

<0.001

0.002

Agricultural (self-employed & employee)

1005

334 (33.2)

1 (Referent category)

1 (Referent category)

Professional/technical/managerial

210

173 (82.3)

9.34 (5.88 to 14.84)

2.13 (1.27 to 3.58)

Clerical

487

265 (54.4)

2.40 (1.59 to 3.63)

1.44 (0.96 to 2.14)

Services

991

661 (66.7)

4.02 (3.12 to 5.18)

1.76 (1.29 to 2.39)

Skilled manual

680

312 (45.9)

1.70 (1.34 to 2.18)

1.36 (1.02 to 1.82)

Unskilled manual

635

266 (42.0)

1.45 (1.08 to 1.96)

1.47 (1.05 to 2.05)

Other

140

67 (47.4)

1.81 (0.97 to 3.37)

0.83 (0.42 to 1.63)