Spontaneous preterm (spPTB) N (%) | Chi-square p valuea | Provider-initiated preterm birth (piPTB) N (%) | Chi-square p valueb | Term N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 10,750 | 3,404 | 158,295 | ||
Maternal age | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
<18 | 679 (6.3) | 111 (3.3) | 6,677 (4.2) | ||
18-35 | 9,295 (86.5) | 2,820 (82.8) | 139,333 (88.0) | ||
>35 | 771 (7.2) | 473 (13.9) | 12,233 (7.7) | ||
Missing | 5 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 52 (0.0) | ||
Years of education | <0.001 | 0.107 | |||
0 | 1,168 (10.9) | 191 (5.6) | 8,684 (5.5) | ||
1 to 4 | 764 (7.1) | 163 (4.8) | 8,457 (5.3) | ||
5 to 9 | 4,419 (41.1) | 1,252 (36.8) | 60,726 (38.4) | ||
> = 10 | 4,139 (38.5) | 1,731 (50.9) | 77,824 (49.2) | ||
Missing | 260 (2.4) | 67 (2.0) | 2,604 (1.6) | ||
Married | 9,425 (87.7) | <0.001 | 3,053 (89.7) | 0.708 | 141,701 (89.5) |
Missing | 16 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 186 (0.1) | ||
Parity | <0.001 | 0.517 | |||
Parity 0 | 4,950 (46.0) | 1,476 (43.4) | 70,192 (44.3) | ||
Parity 1-2 | 4,421 (41.1) | 1,530 (44.9) | 6,999 (44.2) | ||
Parity > = 3 | 1,352 (12.6) | 394 (11.6) | 17,912 (11.3) | ||
Missing | 27 (0.3) | 4 (0.1) | 192 (0.1) | ||
Number of antenatal care visits | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
0 | 1,023 (9.5) | 226 (6.6) | 6,425 (4.1) | ||
1 to 3 | 3,691 (34.3) | 717 (21.1) | 33,780 (21.3) | ||
4 or more | 5,804 (54.0) | 2,396 (70.4) | 115,685 (73.1) | ||
Missing | 232 (2.2) | 65 (1.9) | 2,405 (1.5) | ||
Maternal height | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
<145 cm | 446 (4.1) | 141 (4.1) | 4,355 (2.8) | ||
145 – 149.9 cm | 991 (9.2) | 332 (9.8) | 12,583 (7.9) | ||
150 – 154.9 cm | 3,375 (31.4) | 967 (28.4) | 42,497 (26.8) | ||
> = 155 cm | 5,299 (49.3) | 1,798 (52.8) | 91,722 (58.0) | ||
Missing | 639 (5.9) | 166 (4.9) | 7,088 (4.5) | ||
Antenatal medical and obstetric conditions | |||||
Malaria | 225 (2.1) | <0.001 | 18 (0.5) | 0.003 | 1,669 (1.1) |
HIV | 79 (0.7) | 0.182 | 31 (0.9) | 0.042 | 995 (0.6) |
Pyelonephritis/UTI | 712 (6.6) | 0.065 | 279 (8.2) | 0.013 | 11,228 (7.1) |
Diabetes | 91 (0.8) | 0.442 | 100 (2.9) | <0.001 | 1,233 (0.8) |
Pre-eclampsia | 380 (3.5) | <0.001 | 619 (18.2) | <0.001 | 4,047 (2.6) |
Mode of delivery | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Vaginal delivery | 8,571 (79.7) | 1,144 (33.6) | 114,010 (72.0) | ||
Caesarean section | 2,178 (20.3) | 2,260 (66.4) | 44,281 (28.0) | ||
Missing | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | ||
Neonates | |||||
Mean birth weight (SD) | 2436.1 (630.5) | <0.001c | 2308.2 (659.8) | <0.001 | 3154.4 (476.2) |
Mean GA (SD) | 34.4 (2.3) | <0.001c | 34.2 (2.4) | <0.001 | 39.1 (1.2) |
Female sex | 5,181 (48.2) | 0.240 | 1,623 (47.7) | 0.197 | 77,225 (48.8) |
Facility characteristics: | |||||
Location | |||||
Urban | 9,746 (90.7) | <0.001 | 3,269 (96.0) | <0.001 | 14,887 (94.0) |
Peri-urban | 731 (6.8) | 66 (1.9) | 4,891 (3.1) | ||
Rural | 273 (2.5) | 69 (2.0) | 4,547 (2.9) | ||
Level of facility | |||||
Primary | 347 (3.2) | <0.001 | 19 (0.6) | <0.001 | 3,471 (2.2) |
Secondary | 3,261 (30.3) | 938 (27.6) | 56,444 (35.7) | ||
Tertiary | 6,355 (59.1) | 2,199 (64.6) | 86,577 (54.7) | ||
Other referral level | 787 (7.3) | 248 (7.3) | 11,803 (7.5) |