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Table 2 Global maternal and neonatal characteristics for spontaneous, provider-initiated preterm births and term births in liveborn singletons (N = 172,449)*

From: Maternal morbidity and preterm birth in 22 low- and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis of the WHO Global Survey dataset

 

Spontaneous preterm (spPTB) N (%)

Chi-square p valuea

Provider-initiated preterm birth (piPTB) N (%)

Chi-square p valueb

Term N (%)

Total

10,750

 

3,404

 

158,295

Maternal age

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

<18

679 (6.3)

 

111 (3.3)

 

6,677 (4.2)

18-35

9,295 (86.5)

 

2,820 (82.8)

 

139,333 (88.0)

>35

771 (7.2)

 

473 (13.9)

 

12,233 (7.7)

Missing

5 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

 

52 (0.0)

Years of education

 

<0.001

 

0.107

 

0

1,168 (10.9)

 

191 (5.6)

 

8,684 (5.5)

1 to 4

764 (7.1)

 

163 (4.8)

 

8,457 (5.3)

5 to 9

4,419 (41.1)

 

1,252 (36.8)

 

60,726 (38.4)

> = 10

4,139 (38.5)

 

1,731 (50.9)

 

77,824 (49.2)

Missing

260 (2.4)

 

67 (2.0)

 

2,604 (1.6)

Married

9,425 (87.7)

<0.001

3,053 (89.7)

0.708

141,701 (89.5)

Missing

16 (0.1)

 

5 (0.1)

 

186 (0.1)

Parity

 

<0.001

 

0.517

 

Parity 0

4,950 (46.0)

 

1,476 (43.4)

 

70,192 (44.3)

Parity 1-2

4,421 (41.1)

 

1,530 (44.9)

 

6,999 (44.2)

Parity > = 3

1,352 (12.6)

 

394 (11.6)

 

17,912 (11.3)

Missing

27 (0.3)

 

4 (0.1)

 

192 (0.1)

Number of antenatal care visits

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

0

1,023 (9.5)

 

226 (6.6)

 

6,425 (4.1)

1 to 3

3,691 (34.3)

 

717 (21.1)

 

33,780 (21.3)

4 or more

5,804 (54.0)

 

2,396 (70.4)

 

115,685 (73.1)

Missing

232 (2.2)

 

65 (1.9)

 

2,405 (1.5)

Maternal height

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

<145 cm

446 (4.1)

 

141 (4.1)

 

4,355 (2.8)

145 – 149.9 cm

991 (9.2)

 

332 (9.8)

 

12,583 (7.9)

150 – 154.9 cm

3,375 (31.4)

 

967 (28.4)

 

42,497 (26.8)

> = 155 cm

5,299 (49.3)

 

1,798 (52.8)

 

91,722 (58.0)

Missing

639 (5.9)

 

166 (4.9)

 

7,088 (4.5)

Antenatal medical and obstetric conditions

     

Malaria

225 (2.1)

<0.001

18 (0.5)

0.003

1,669 (1.1)

HIV

79 (0.7)

0.182

31 (0.9)

0.042

995 (0.6)

Pyelonephritis/UTI

712 (6.6)

0.065

279 (8.2)

0.013

11,228 (7.1)

Diabetes

91 (0.8)

0.442

100 (2.9)

<0.001

1,233 (0.8)

Pre-eclampsia

380 (3.5)

<0.001

619 (18.2)

<0.001

4,047 (2.6)

Mode of delivery

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

Vaginal delivery

8,571 (79.7)

 

1,144 (33.6)

 

114,010 (72.0)

Caesarean section

2,178 (20.3)

 

2,260 (66.4)

 

44,281 (28.0)

Missing

1 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

 

4 (0.0)

Neonates

     

Mean birth weight (SD)

2436.1 (630.5)

<0.001c

2308.2 (659.8)

<0.001

3154.4 (476.2)

Mean GA (SD)

34.4 (2.3)

<0.001c

34.2 (2.4)

<0.001

39.1 (1.2)

Female sex

5,181 (48.2)

0.240

1,623 (47.7)

0.197

77,225 (48.8)

Facility characteristics:

     

Location

     

Urban

9,746 (90.7)

<0.001

3,269 (96.0)

<0.001

14,887 (94.0)

Peri-urban

731 (6.8)

 

66 (1.9)

 

4,891 (3.1)

Rural

273 (2.5)

 

69 (2.0)

 

4,547 (2.9)

Level of facility

     

Primary

347 (3.2)

<0.001

19 (0.6)

<0.001

3,471 (2.2)

Secondary

3,261 (30.3)

 

938 (27.6)

 

56,444 (35.7)

Tertiary

6,355 (59.1)

 

2,199 (64.6)

 

86,577 (54.7)

Other referral level

787 (7.3)

 

248 (7.3)

 

11,803 (7.5)

  1. *12 preterm deliveries with unknown labour status excluded from this table.
  2. aP value calculated by comparison between spontaneous preterm birth and term births only.
  3. bP value calculated by comparison between provider-initiated preterm birth and term births only.
  4. cStudents t-test used to calculated p-values for continuous variables birthweight and gestational age.