From: Prenatal risk factors for Tourette Syndrome: a systematic review
Factors | Results (exposed vs. Non-exposed) | P value | Directions of association | Case Number | Scales of measurements | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-natal period | ||||||
Pregnancy complications | Current YGTSS 22.3+/-9.4 vs. 17.3+/-8.4 | p = 0.03 | ↑ | 70 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] |
2.0 + -3.7 vs. 3.9 + -4.9 | p = 0.05 | ↓ | 110 | CYBOCS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in worst ever tic severity | p = 0.68 | - | 70 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in ADHD severity | p = 0.45 | - | 65 | ADHD rating scale | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in tic severity | NS | - | 110 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in social behaviours | NS | - | 110 | CSBQ | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in anxiety and depression | NS | - | 110 | RCADS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
Severity of nausea/vomiting | Associated with current tic severity | p = 0.01 | ↑ | 31 | TS Global scale and C-GAS (adjusted for gender) | Leckman 1990 [24] |
Number of medications exposed in utero | Associated with increased global tic severity | p < 0.00001 | ↑ | 180 | YGTSS | Mathews 2006 [26] |
Interference of OCS | p = 0.08 | ↑ | 180 | Mathews 2006 [26] | ||
Maternal smoking | ADHD Severity 26.4 + -10.1 vs. 19.1 + -10.9 | p = 0.05 | ↑ | 70 | ADHD rating scale | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] |
Associated with more severe ADHD symptoms modified by positive family history of mental disorders | p = 0.04 | ↑ | 70 | ADHD rating scale | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
9.1 + -4.1 vs. 6.1 + -4.1 | p = 0.05 | ↑ | 110 | MDD RCADS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
6.6 + -3.8 vs. 4.4 + -3.7 | p = 0.05 | ↑ | 110 | CSBQ subscale orientation ratings | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
Positive association with tic severity | p < 0.00001 | ↑ | 180 | YGTSS | Mathews 2006 [26] | |
Interference of OCS | p = 0.03 | ↑ | 180 | Mathews 2006 [26] | ||
No difference in current tic severity | p = 0.38 | - | 70 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in worst ever tic severity | p = 0.86 | - | 65 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in tic severity | NS | - | 110 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in obsessive compulsive severity | NS | - | 110 | CYBOCS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in social behaviours other than orientation ratings | NS | - | 110 | CSBQ | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in anxiety and total scale of RCADS | NS | - | 110 | RCADS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
Maternal alcohol drinking | No difference in current tic severity | p = 0.13 | - | 70 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] |
No difference in worst ever tic severity | p = 0.10 | - | 70 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in ADHD severity | p = 0.71 | - | 65 | ADHD rating scale | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
Psychological stress | Associated with current tic severity | p = 0.03 | ↑ | 31 | TS Global scale and C-GAS | Leckman 1990 [24] |
Perinatal period | ||||||
Delivery complications | Worst ever YGTSS 28.7+/-9.1 vs. 23.4+/-7.3 | p = 0.01 | ↑ | 70 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] |
Associated with lesser total YGTSS ratings after adjusting for age and gender modified by DRD4 3R allele | p = 0.02 | ↓ | 110 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
Associated with higher total anxiety ratings and total RCADS after adjusting for age and gender modified by DRD4 2R allele | p = 0.004 and 0.006 | ↑ | 110 | RCADS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in current tic severity | p = 0.82 | - | 70 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in ADHD severity | P = 0.13 | - | 65 | ADHD rating scale | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in tic severity | NS | - | 110 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in obsessive compulsive severity | NS | - | 110 | CYBOCS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in social behaviours | NS | - | 110 | CSBQ | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in anxiety and depression | NS | - | 110 | RCADS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
Delivery complications and other perinatal adversities | No difference in tic severity between TS twins | NS | - | 13 pairs | Shapiro scales | Hyde 1992 [25] |
Severity of perinatal complications | Borderline associated with the tic severity | p = 0.07 | ↑ | 31 | TS Global scale and C-GAS (adjusted for gender) | Leckman 1990 [24] |
Number of perinatal complications | No association with the tic severity | NS | - | 31 | TS Global scale and C-GAS (adjusted for gender) | Leckman 1990 [24] |
Neonatal factors | ||||||
Birth Weight | Higher tic scores in lighter body weight twin on both Shapiro and YGTSS scales | p = 0.001 and 0.01 | ↓ | 13 pairs | Shapiro scales and YGTSS | Hyde 1992 [25] |
Within-pair body weight difference is correlated with within-pair tic score difference (rho = 0.72) | p < 0.005 | ↓ | 13 pairs | Shapiro scale | Hyde 1992 [25] | |
Birth order in TS twins | Mean first-born tic score vs. mean second-born tic score: 7.1 + -6.5 vs. 8.4 + -5.6 | p = 0.57 | - | 8 pairs | Shapiro scales and YGTSS | Hyde 1992 [25] |
Handedness in TS twins | Tic score in right-handed vs. left-handed: 10.6 + -4.7 vs. 6.1 + -4.6 | p = 0.13 | - | 7 pairs | Shapiro scales and YGTSS | Hyde 1992 [25] |
Postnatal period | ||||||
First-week postnatal complications | No difference in current tic severity | p = 0.87 | - | 69 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] |
No difference in worst ever tic severity | p = 0.74 | - | 69 | YGTSS | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] | |
No difference in ADHD severity | p = 0.83 | - | 64 | ADHD rating scale | Bos-Veneman 2010 [27] |