Table 4 Factors associated with small size at birth in Nepal, NDHS 2011

Wealth status

P = 0.001

P = 0.051

P = 0.038

P = 0.272

Rich

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Middle

1.142 (0.850–1.533)

1. 333 (1.053–1.689)*

1.352 (1.070–1.709)*

1.223 (0.949 –1.575)

Poor

1.535 (1.219–1.932)

1.095 (0.821 –1.461)

1.109 (0.834 –1.476)

1.039 ( 0.760 –1.420)

Development region

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P <0.001

P < 0.001

Eastern

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Central

0.696 (0.488–0.991)

0.697 (0.487– 0.997)

0.701 (0.490–1.003)

0.655 (0.459–0.935)

Western

0.798 (0.567–1.124)

0.793 (0.559–1.124)

0.800 (0.561 –1.141)

0.846 (0.586–1.223)

Mid -Western

1.497 (1.067–2.101)

1.388 (0.981 –1.963)*

1.408 (0.995– 1.993)

1.299 (0.918–1.840)

Far-Western

1.490 (1.115–1.991)

1.387 (1.021 –1.883)*

1.395 (1.026 –1.898)*

1.698 (1.228–2.349)*

Sex of child

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Male

1.00

1.00

1.00

Female

1.515 (1.278–1.796)

1.539 (1.296–1.827)*

1.530 (1.245–1.880)*

Number of ANC visits

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

4 or more

1.00

1.00

1–3

1.286 (1.207–1.610)

1.831 (1.381–2.427)*

0

1.883 (1.452–2.441)

1.315 (1.042–1.661)*

Took iron tablet or syrup during pregnancy

P = 0.002

P = 0.710

Yes

1.00

1.00

No

1.493 (1.163–1.919)

1.069 (0.750–1.524)

Smoking by mothers

P < 0.001

P = 0.114

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

1.722 (1.335–2.221)

1.297 (0.941–1.760)

Mother’s education

P = 0.030

P = 0.686

Higher

1.00

1.00

Secondary

1.202 (0.773–1.867)

1.209 (0.696–2.100)

Primary

1.214 (0.760–1.939)

1.022 (0.582–1.794)

No education

1.621 (1.021–2.575)

1.114 (0.669–1.855)

Mother’s occupation

P = 0.047

P = 0.925

Working (paid)

1.00

1.00

Not working

1.052 (0.751–1.474)

0.949 (0.656–1.373)

Agriculture

1.320 (0.977–1.783)

0.935 (0.669–1.306)