Factors | Total N [%]# | Size at birth | Â | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | > = average | Smaller |  |
 |  | n [%] | n [%] |  |
Maternal factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s age at pregnancy |  |  |  | 0.724 |
(Years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
15–19 | 267 (9.1) | 218 (85.2) | 49 (14.8) |  |
20–29 | 2240 (72.1) | 1871 (85.6) | 369 (14.4) |  |
30–34 | 366 (11.1) | 291 (82.9) | 75 (17.1) |  |
> = 35 | 245 (7.7) | 200 (84.4) | 45 (15.6) |  |
Mother’s education |  |  |  | 0.008* |
No education | 2442 (47.3) | 1934 (81.8) | 508 (18.2) | Â |
Primary | 1042 (20.0) | 868 (85.7) | 174 (14.3) | Â |
Secondary | 1456 (27.1) | 1236 (85.9) | 220 (14.1) | Â |
Higher | 300 (5.5) | 266 (87.9) | 34 (12.1) | Â |
Mother’s occupation |  |  |  | 0.048* |
Not working | 1255 (28.9) | 1061(85.7) | 194 (14.3) | Â |
Agriculture | 3278 (58.5) | 2641 (82.7) | 637 (17.3) | Â |
Working (paid) | 707 (12.6) | 602 (86.3) | 105 (13.7) | Â |
Number of ANC visits | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
0 | 608 (15.2) | 464 (77.7) | 144 (22.3) | Â |
1–3 | 1309 (34.8) | 1059 (83.6) | 250 (16.4) |  |
4 or more | 2134 (50.0) | 1819 (86.8) | 315 (13.2) | Â |
Took iron during pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | 0.002* |
No | 814 (20.5) | 629 (79.8) | 185 (20.2) | Â |
Yes | 3237 (79.5) | 2713 (85.5) | 524 (14.5) | Â |
Tobacco smoking by mothers | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
No | 4655 (88.8) | 3868 (84.8) | 787 (15.2) | Â |
Yes | 585 (11.2) | 436 (76.4) | 149 (23.6) | Â |
Child related factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex of child | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
Male | 2723 (51.6) | 2307 (86.7) | 416 (13.3) | Â |
Female | 2517 (48.4) | 1997 (81.2) | 520 (18.8) | Â |
Birth order | Â | Â | Â | 0.120 |
First | 1750 (34.3) | 1422 (82.6) | 328 (17.4) | Â |
Second or third | 2310 (43.9) | 1941 (85.5) | 369 (14.5) | Â |
Fourth or more | 1180 (21.8) | 941 (83.4) | 239 (16.6) | Â |
Birth interval by month | Â | Â | Â | 0.117 |
< 24 | 699 (20.8) | 562 (82.8) | 137 (17.2) | Â |
> = 24 | 2791 (79.2) | 2320 (85.3) | 471 (14.7) |  |
Socioeconomic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | 0.974 |
Advantaged | 2504 (43.1) | 2060 (84.1) | 444 (15.9) | Â |
Disadvantaged (Janjati) | 1766 (39.0) | 1464 (84.1) | 302 (15.9) | Â |
Disadvantaged (Dalit) | 970 (17.9) | 780 (83.7) | 190 (16.3) | Â |
Religion | Â | Â | Â | 0.563 |
Hindu | 4477 (82.9) | 3666 (83.9) | 811 (16.1) | Â |
Others | 763 (17.1) | 638 (84.9) | 125 (15.1) | Â |
Wealth status | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* |
Poor | 2729 (47.7) | 2164 (81.4) | 565 (18.6) | Â |
Middle | 918 (20.9) | 764 (85.5) | 154 (14.5) | Â |
Rich | 1593 (31.4) | 1376 (87.1) | 217 (12.9) | Â |
Type of cooking fuel | Â | Â | Â | 0.185 |
Relatively non polluting | 771 (13.8) | 664 (86.1) | 107 (13.9) | Â |
Relatively highly polluting | 4469 (86.2) | 3640 (83.7) | 829 (16.3) | Â |
Father’s occupation |  |  |  | 0.550 |
Agriculture | 1315 (25.3) | 1070 (83.9) | 245 (16.1) | Â |
Non agriculture | 3793 (71.6) | 3125 (83.9) | 668 (16.1) | Â |
Others | 132 (3.1) | 109 (88.0) | 23 (12.0) | Â |
Father’s education |  |  |  | 0.235 |
No education | 1080 (23.6) | 860 (82.3) | 220 (17.7) | Â |
Primary | 1312 (24.3) | 1059 (83.3) | 253 (16.7) | Â |
Secondary | 2245 (41.9) | 1857 (84.8) | 388 (15.2) | Â |
Higher | 603 (10.2) | 528 (86.6) | 75 (13.4) | Â |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | 0.785 |
Urban | 1081 (9.4) | 909 (84.5) | 172 (15.5) | Â |
Rural | 4159 (90.6) | 3395 (84.0) | 764 (16.0) | Â |
Development region | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
Eastern | 1195 (23.6) | 991 (83.7) | 204 (16.3) | Â |
Central | 1113 (31.9) | 961 (88.1) | 152 (11.9) | Â |
Western | 764 (18.5) | 657 (86.6) | 107 (13.4) | Â |
Mid -Western | 1177 (14.7) | 922 (77.5) | 255 (22.5) | Â |
Far-Western | 991 (11.3) | 773 (77.6) | 218 (22.4) | Â |
Ecological region | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* |
Mountain | 1006 (7.9) | 805 (79.6) | 201 (20.4) | Â |
Hill | 2115 (39.6) | 1698 (81.7) | 417 (18.3) | Â |
Terai | 2119 (52.5) | 1801 (86.5) | 318 (13.5) | Â |