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Table 3 Small size at birth (%) among children under five children by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, Nepal 2011 (N = 5240)

From: Factors associated with small size at birth in Nepal: further analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011

Factors

Total N [%]#

Size at birth

 

p value

  

> = average

Smaller

 
  

n [%]

n [%]

 

Maternal factors

    

Mother’s age at pregnancy

   

0.724

(Years)

    

15–19

267 (9.1)

218 (85.2)

49 (14.8)

 

20–29

2240 (72.1)

1871 (85.6)

369 (14.4)

 

30–34

366 (11.1)

291 (82.9)

75 (17.1)

 

> = 35

245 (7.7)

200 (84.4)

45 (15.6)

 

Mother’s education

   

0.008*

No education

2442 (47.3)

1934 (81.8)

508 (18.2)

 

Primary

1042 (20.0)

868 (85.7)

174 (14.3)

 

Secondary

1456 (27.1)

1236 (85.9)

220 (14.1)

 

Higher

300 (5.5)

266 (87.9)

34 (12.1)

 

Mother’s occupation

   

0.048*

Not working

1255 (28.9)

1061(85.7)

194 (14.3)

 

Agriculture

3278 (58.5)

2641 (82.7)

637 (17.3)

 

Working (paid)

707 (12.6)

602 (86.3)

105 (13.7)

 

Number of ANC visits

   

<0.001*

0

608 (15.2)

464 (77.7)

144 (22.3)

 

1–3

1309 (34.8)

1059 (83.6)

250 (16.4)

 

4 or more

2134 (50.0)

1819 (86.8)

315 (13.2)

 

Took iron during pregnancy

   

0.002*

No

814 (20.5)

629 (79.8)

185 (20.2)

 

Yes

3237 (79.5)

2713 (85.5)

524 (14.5)

 

Tobacco smoking by mothers

   

<0.001*

No

4655 (88.8)

3868 (84.8)

787 (15.2)

 

Yes

585 (11.2)

436 (76.4)

149 (23.6)

 

Child related factors

    

Sex of child

   

<0.001*

Male

2723 (51.6)

2307 (86.7)

416 (13.3)

 

Female

2517 (48.4)

1997 (81.2)

520 (18.8)

 

Birth order

   

0.120

First

1750 (34.3)

1422 (82.6)

328 (17.4)

 

Second or third

2310 (43.9)

1941 (85.5)

369 (14.5)

 

Fourth or more

1180 (21.8)

941 (83.4)

239 (16.6)

 

Birth interval by month

   

0.117

< 24

699 (20.8)

562 (82.8)

137 (17.2)

 

> = 24

2791 (79.2)

2320 (85.3)

471 (14.7)

 

Socioeconomic factors

    

Ethnicity

   

0.974

Advantaged

2504 (43.1)

2060 (84.1)

444 (15.9)

 

Disadvantaged (Janjati)

1766 (39.0)

1464 (84.1)

302 (15.9)

 

Disadvantaged (Dalit)

970 (17.9)

780 (83.7)

190 (16.3)

 

Religion

   

0.563

Hindu

4477 (82.9)

3666 (83.9)

811 (16.1)

 

Others

763 (17.1)

638 (84.9)

125 (15.1)

 

Wealth status

   

0.001*

Poor

2729 (47.7)

2164 (81.4)

565 (18.6)

 

Middle

918 (20.9)

764 (85.5)

154 (14.5)

 

Rich

1593 (31.4)

1376 (87.1)

217 (12.9)

 

Type of cooking fuel

   

0.185

Relatively non polluting

771 (13.8)

664 (86.1)

107 (13.9)

 

Relatively highly polluting

4469 (86.2)

3640 (83.7)

829 (16.3)

 

Father’s occupation

   

0.550

Agriculture

1315 (25.3)

1070 (83.9)

245 (16.1)

 

Non agriculture

3793 (71.6)

3125 (83.9)

668 (16.1)

 

Others

132 (3.1)

109 (88.0)

23 (12.0)

 

Father’s education

   

0.235

No education

1080 (23.6)

860 (82.3)

220 (17.7)

 

Primary

1312 (24.3)

1059 (83.3)

253 (16.7)

 

Secondary

2245 (41.9)

1857 (84.8)

388 (15.2)

 

Higher

603 (10.2)

528 (86.6)

75 (13.4)

 

Residence

   

0.785

Urban

1081 (9.4)

909 (84.5)

172 (15.5)

 

Rural

4159 (90.6)

3395 (84.0)

764 (16.0)

 

Development region

   

<0.001*

Eastern

1195 (23.6)

991 (83.7)

204 (16.3)

 

Central

1113 (31.9)

961 (88.1)

152 (11.9)

 

Western

764 (18.5)

657 (86.6)

107 (13.4)

 

Mid -Western

1177 (14.7)

922 (77.5)

255 (22.5)

 

Far-Western

991 (11.3)

773 (77.6)

218 (22.4)

 

Ecological region

   

0.001*

Mountain

1006 (7.9)

805 (79.6)

201 (20.4)

 

Hill

2115 (39.6)

1698 (81.7)

417 (18.3)

 

Terai

2119 (52.5)

1801 (86.5)

318 (13.5)

 
  1. # The number of missing values may vary for each variable. The percentages presented are valid percentages. *statistically significant at 5% level.