| Prepregnancy BMI |  | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | Normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.99) | Overweight (BMI 25-29.99) | Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | ||
Characteristics | (N=167) | (N= 1052) | (N= 430) | (N= 360) | p-value (two-sided) |
Maternal Characteristics: | |||||
Maternal age (y) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  < 20 | 12 (7.3%) | 48 (4.7%) | 14 (3.3%) | 11 (3.1%) | 0.017*b |
  20-24 | 49 (29.7%) | 198 (19.2%) | 69 (16.3%) | 74 (21.0%) | |
  25-29 | 38 (23.0%) | 293 (28.4%) | 135 (31.8%) | 99 (28.0%) | |
  30-34 | 33 (20.0%) | 280 (27.2%) | 119 (28.1%) | 89 (25.2%) | |
  ≥ 35 | 33 (20.0%) | 212 (20.6%) | 87 (20.5%) | 80 (22.7%) | |
  Missing data | 2 | 21 | 6 | 7 | |
Born in Australia | 114 (68.3%) | 733 (69.7%) | 312 (72.6%) | 259 (71.9%) | 0.589 |
  Missing data | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Maternal employment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Employed | 75 (46.3%) | 564 (54.5%) | 209 (49.2%) | 169 (48.3%) | 0.038*b |
  Unemployed | 26 (16.0%) | 113 (10.9%) | 42 (9.9%) | 36 (10.3%) | |
  Not in-labour force | 61 (37.7%) | 358 (34.6%) | 174 (40.9%) | 145 (41.4%) | |
  Missing data | 5 | 17 | 5 | 10 | |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Single | 15 (9.0%) | 65 (6.2%) | 20 (4.7%) | 31 (8.6%) | 0.001*b |
  Dating relationship | 14 (8.4%) | 32 (3.1%) | 17 (4.0%) | 22 (6.1%) | |
  De facto | 76 (45.5%) | 382 (36.4%) | 158 (37.0%) | 126 (35.0%) | |
  Married | 62 (37.1%) | 557 (53.1%) | 225 (52.7%) | 175 (48.6%) | |
  Separate/Divorce/Widow | 0 (0%) | 13 (1.2%) | 7 (1.6%) | 6 (1.7%) | |
  Missing data | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
Maternal education level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Primary school | 2 (1.2%) | 9 (0.9%) | 4 (0.9%) | 4 (1.1%) | <0.001*b |
  Not complete secondary | 37 (22.3%) | 176 (16.8%) | 85 (20.0%) | 77 (21.5%) | |
  Secondary school | 50 (30.1%) | 301 (28.7%) | 137 (32.2%) | 129 (36.0%) | |
  TAFE/Trade | 46 (27.7%) | 306 (29.2%) | 129 (30.3%) | 107 (29.9%) | |
  University | 31 (18.7%) | 257 (24.5%) | 71 (16.7%) | 41 (11.5%) | |
  Missing data | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
Nutrition Factors: | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Supplements Intake | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Iron | 51 (30.5%) | 301 (28.6%) | 118 (27.4%) | 67 (18.6%) | 0.001*a- |
  Zinc | 37 (23.3%) | 196 (19.8%) | 80 (19.2%) | 53 (15.4%) | 0.039*a- |
  Calcium | 27 (16.2%) | 139 (13.2%) | 40 (9.3%) | 32 (8.9%) | 0.001*a- |
  Folic acid | 84 (52.5%) | 511 (51.5%) | 222 (53.0%) | 166 (47.7%) | 0.499 |
  Multivitamins | 93 (55.7%) | 548 (52.1%) | 214 (49.8%) | 140 (38.9%) | <0.001*a- |
  Vitamin C | 55 (34.6%) | 337 (34.1%) | 133 (32.0%) | 80 (23.2%) | 0.001*a- |
  Vitamin E | 113 (67.7%) | 735 (69.9%) | 280 (65.1%) | 191 (53.1%) | <0.001*a- |
  Pregnancy/breastfeeding sup. | 38 (23.9%) | 193 (19.6%) | 91 (21.9%) | 40 (11.5%) | 0.004*a- |
Household and Family Structure: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Partner’s employment |  |  |  |  |  |
  Employed | 142 (89.9%) | 931 (93.7%) | 392 (96.8%) | 301 (90.7%) | 0.017*b |
  Unemployed | 10 (6.3%) | 37 (3.7%) | 7 (1.7%) | 17 (5.1%) |  |
  Not in-labour force | 6 (3.8%) | 26 (2.6%) | 6 (1.5%) | 14 (4.2%) |  |
  Missing data | 9 | 58 | 25 | 28 |  |
Partner’s education level |  |  |  |  |  |
  Primary school | 4 (2.6%) | 9 (0.9%) | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001*b |
  Not complete secondary | 33 (21.2%) | 182 (18.2%) | 89 (21.9%) | 94 (28.6%) | |
  Secondary school | 41 (26.3%) | 243 (24.3%) | 114 (28.0%) | 89 (27.1%) | |
  TAFE/Trade | 52 (33.3%) | 421 (42.2%) | 150 (36.9%) | 120 (36.5%) | |
  University | 26 (16.7%) | 143 (14.3%) | 49 (12.0%) | 26 (7.9%) |  |
  Missing data | 11 | 54 | 23 | 31 |  |
Household ownership | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
  Own outright | 6 (3.7%) | 33 (3.2%) | 3 (0.7%) | 3 (0.8%) | <0.001*b |
  Own with mortgage | 52 (31.9%) | 457 (44.3%) | 189 (44.9%) | 121 (34.1%) | |
  Private rent | 72 (44.2%) | 446 (43.2%) | 193 (45.8%) | 178 (50.1%) | |
  Public housing | 5 (3.1%) | 23 (2.2%) | 7 (1.7%) | 13 (3.7%) | |
  Board with parents | 28 (17.2%) | 73 (7.1%) | 29 (6.9%) | 40 (11.3%) |  |
  Missing data | 4 | 20 | 9 | 5 |  |
Number of children under 16 y (household) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
  Nil | 78 (47.3%) | 413 (39.7%) | 134 (31.6%) | 115 (31.9%) | <0.001*a+ |
  1-3 | 83 (50.3%) | 595 (57.2%) | 279 (65.8%) | 217 (60.3%) | |
  More than 3 | 4 (2.4%) | 33 (3.2%) | 11 (2.6%) | 28 (7.8%) | |
  Missing data | 2 | 11 | 6 | 0 | |
Maternal Health and Behaviours During Pregnancy: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal psychological distress | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.343 |
  Low risk | 128 (77.6%) | 853 (81.6%) | 352 (83.0%) | 280 (78.4%) |  |
  Medium risk | 30 (18.2%) | 158 (15.1%) | 64 (15.1%) | 61 (17.1%) | |
  High risk | 7 (4.2%) | 34 (3.3%) | 8 (1.9%) | 16 (4.5%) | |
  Missing data | 2 | 7 | 6 | 3 |  |
Smoke during pregnancy | 59 (35.3%) | 233 (22.2%) | 109 (25.5%) | 108 (30.3%) | <0.001*b |
  Missing data | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 |  |
Alcohol intake | 69 (41.3%) | 536 (51.0%) | 202 (47.4%) | 137 (38.3%) | 0.001*b |
  Missing data | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | |
Non-medical drug usea | 29 (17.6%) | 98 (9.5%) | 35 (8.3%) | 42 (11.8%) | 0.005*b |
  Missing data | 2 | 21 | 8 | 3 |  |
Birth-related Factors: | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Primiparity | 97 (58.8%) | 674 (64.8%) | 313 (73.5%) | 267 (75.2%) | <0.001*a+ |
  Missing data | 2 | 12 | 4 | 5 | |
Baby gender (Male) | 80 (48.5%) | 527 (50.9%) | 201 (47.2%) | 182 (51.3%) | 0.564 |
  Missing data | 2 | 16 | 4 | 5 | |
Pre-existing hypertension | 0 (0%) | 6 (0.7%) | 3 (0.8%) | 8 (2.4%) | 0.021*a+ |
  Missing data | 23 | 144 | 48 | 26 |  |