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Table 3 Obstetric factors predictive of very low Apgar scores at 1 minute and 5 minutes among live births

From: Stillbirths and very low Apgar scores among vaginal births in a tertiary hospital in Ghana: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis

 

Very low Apgar scores (0–3) at 1 minutea

Very low Apgar scores (0–3) at 5 minutesb

Obstetric factor

n (%)

Crude RR (95% CI)

Adjusted RRd(95% CI)

n (%)

Crude RR (95% CI)

Adjusted RRe(95% CI)

Maternal age group (years)

 

P = 0.001 P trend <0.001

P = 0.95 P trend = 0.86

 

P = 0.006 P trend = 0.001

P = 0.04 P trend = 0.009

12-19

74 (9.4)

1.48 (1.15, 1.89)

1.0 (0.76, 1.32)

24 (3.2)

1.69 (1.09, 2.62)

1.41 (0.90, 2.21)

20-35

407 (6.4)

1

1

115 (1.9)

1

1

36-50

42 (4.6)

0.73 (0.53, 1.00)

0.95 (0.67, 1.36)

8 (0.9))

0.49 (0.24, 1.00)

0.50 (0.24, 1.02)

Parity

 

P < 0.001; P trend < 0.001

P < 0.001; P trend < 0.001

 

P = 0.12; P trend = 0.04

-

0

245 (8.6)

1.66 (1.39, 1.99)

1.46 (1.20, 1.77)

62 (2.3)

1.32 (0.94, 1.84)

-

1-4

238 (5.2)

1

1

76 (1.8)

1

-

5+

18 (3.8)

0.72 (0.45, 1.17)

0.69 (0.41, 1.17)

5 (1.1)

0.62 (0.25, 1.54)

-

Type of delivery

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Spontaneous vaginal delivery

461 (5.9)

1

1

127 (1.7)

1

1

Breech delivery

49 (22.5)

3.81 (2.84, 5.11)

2.44 (1.76, 3.37)

18 (8.9)

5.18 (3.16, 8.48)

3.05 (1.78, 5.20)

Vacuum extraction

14 (14.9)

2.52 (1.48, 4.30)

2.61 (1.46, 4.64)

3 (3.3)

1.91 (0.61, 6.02)

2.32 (0.74, 7.35)

Number of singleton/multiple births

 

P = 0.11

-

 

P = 0.40

-

Singleton

500 (6.4)

1

-

145 (2.0)

1

-

Multiple pregnancy (leading twins)c

24 (8.9)

1.40 (0.93, 2.11)

-

3 (1.2)

0.61 (0.19, 1.91)

-

Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy

 

P < 0.001

P = 0.12

 

P < 0.001

P = 0.001

No

472 (6.1)

1

1

130 (1.8)

1

1

Yes

52 (13.9)

2.28 (1.71, 3.03)

1.33 (0.93, 1.90)

18 (5.3)

2.99 (1.83, 4.90)

2.33 (1.41, 3.87)

Sex of baby

 

P = 0.01

P = 0.004

 

P = 0.16

-

Female

225 (5.7)

1

1

63 (1.7)

1

-

Male

299 (7.2)

1.25 (1.05, 1.49)

1.30 (1.09, 1.56)

85 (2.2)

1.26 (0.91, 1.75)

-

Gestation at delivery

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Term

402 (5.2)

1

1

110 (1.5)

1

1

Preterm

122 (29.7)

5.70 (4.65, 6.98)

2.62 (1.94, 3.54)

38 (10.1)

6.66 (4.61, 9.64)

2.71 (1.60, 4.59)

Birth weight

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

 

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

Normal birth weight (≥2500 g)

349 (4.8)

1

1

94 (1.4)

1

1

Low birth weight (<2500 g)

165 (19.3)

3.99 (3.31, 4.80)

2.18 (1.67, 2.85)

52 (6.5)

4.70 (3.35, 6.59)

2.34 (1.45, 3.78)

  1. a109 (1.3%) missing Apgar scores; b565 (6.9%) missing Apgar scores; cOnly Apgar scores of leading twins were considered for the analysis; dAdjusted for all other variables in the table except number of singleton/multiple births; eAdjusted for maternal age, type of delivery, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, gestation at delivery and birth weight; P-values are based on the Wald test; RR-Relative risk; CI-Confidence interval.
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