Table 3 Proportion of cases and controls reporting barriers to prenatal care (PNC) utilization and the association with inadequate prenatal care (Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio and 95% confidence interval [CI]) among inner-city women, Winnipeg, MB, 2007–2010

Negative attitudes toward pregnancy

Unplanned pregnancy

79 (39.5)

32 (7.9)

7.54

4.77 – 11.93

n = 200

n = 406

Considering abortion

53 (26.4)

7 (1.7)

20.03

8.83 – 45.40

n = 201

n = 406

Unaware of pregnancy

49 (24.4)

8 (2.0)

16.07

7.48 – 34.54

n = 201

n = 405

Unhappy about pregnancy

32 (15.9)

8 (2.0)

9.41

4.25 – 20.87

n = 201

n = 406

Wanted to hide pregnancy

37 (18.4)

5 (1.2)

16.90

6.72 – 42.51

n = 201

n = 406

Negative attitudes toward prenatal care

Go to emergency room or OB triage unit when problems occur

72 (35.8)

30 (7.4)

7.09

4.41 – 11.40

n = 201

n = 406

Receive advice about pregnancy from family/friends

90 (44.8)

37 (9.1)

8.26

5.30 – 12.87

n = 201

n = 406

Can take care of self during pregnancy

103 (51.2)

25 (6.2)

15.79

9.68 – 25.75

n = 201

n = 406

Did not think you needed PNC

50 (24.9)

3 (0.7)

45.65

13.93 – 149.58

n = 201

n = 406

Afraid of/do not like medical tests and exams

51 (25.4)

8 (2.0)

17.30

7.93 – 37.76

n = 201

n = 406

Do not like needles or medications

56 (27.9)

15 (3.7)

10.39

5.65 – 19.09

n = 201

n = 406

Dissatisfied with care received

32 (16.0)

13 (3.2)

5.79

2.96 – 11.32

n = 200

n = 406

Do not like health care workers

14 (7.0)

5 (1.2)

6.28

2.18 – 18.07

n = 201

n = 406

Forgot appointment

102 (50.7)

63 (15.5)

5.97

4.00 – 8.89

n = 201

n = 406

Psychosocial stress

Under stress

110 (54.7)

38 (9.4)

11.55

7.47 – 17.84

n = 201

n = 406

Depressed

65 (32.3)

18 (4.4)

10.15

5.81 – 17.73

n = 201

n = 406

Personal problems

79 (39.3)

23 (5.7)

10.85

6.52 – 18.06

n = 201

n = 406

Not thinking straight

55 (27.4)

9 (2.2)

17.10

8.16 – 35.82

n = 201

n = 406

Did not feel well

97 (48.3)

69 (17.0)

4.67

3.18 – 6.86

n = 201

n = 406

Family problems

71 (35.3)

12 (3.0)

18.01

9.41 – 34.45

n = 201

n = 406

Did not feel good about self

48 (23.9)

13 (3.2)

9.57

5.03 – 18.19

n = 201

n = 405

Problems with husband/boyfriend

40 (19.9)

10 (2.5)

9.23

4.51 – 18.89

n = 201

n = 396

Physically abused by husband or boyfriend

11 (5.5)

2 (0.5)

11.44

2.51 – 52.21

n = 200

n = 396

Worried about risk of baby being apprehended by Child and Family Services

42 (20.9)

5 (1.2)

20.75

8.11 – 53.07

n = 201

n = 406

Structural

Unaware of where to go for PNC

53 (27.0)

32 (8.1)

4.17

2.58 – 6.72

n = 196

n = 394

Could not get an appointment

54 (27.8)

29 (7.3)

4.85

2.97 – 7.93

n = 194

n = 398

Long wait to get an appointment

78 (40.2)

41 (10.3)

5.77

3.75 – 8.89

n = 194

n = 398

Appointment cancelled by clinic

21 (11.1)

26 (6.5)

1.76

0.96 – 3.21

n = 189

n = 399

Clinic hours inconvenient

32 (16.8)

32 (8.1)

2.30

1.37 – 3.89

n = 190

n = 396

Had to wait too long in waiting room to see provider

65 (35.3)

86 (21.6)

1.99

1.35 – 2.93

n = 184

n = 398

Didn’t think you could communicate with staff

21 (11.0)

27 (6.8)

1.68

0.92 – 3.06

n = 191

n = 396

Did not like staff attitudes

22 (11.6)

29 (7.3)

1.68

0.94 – 3.00

n = 189

n = 399

Lack of Personal and Economic Resources

Child care problems

59 (41.3)

18 (8.3)

7.58

4.21 – 13.66

n = 143

n = 217

Transportation problems

92 (48.4)

49 (12.6)

6.44

4.26 – 9.74

n = 190

n = 390

Moving a lot

45 (22.4)

10 (2.5)

11.01

5.45 – 22.22

n = 201

n = 406

Were or are homeless

14 (7.0)

3 (0.7)

9.93

2.82 – 34.94

n = 201

n = 406

Inability to take time off work

6 (9.1)

18 (6.1)

1.64

0.61 – 4.41

n = 66

n = 293

Miscellaneous

Did not want to be examined by a man

62 (31.0)

32 (7.9)

5.19

3.25 – 8.28

n = 200

n = 404

Fear of crime near the home or clinic

21 (10.4)

16 (3.9)

2.87

1.46 – 5.64

n = 201

n = 406