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Table 1 Background characteristics (categorical variables) of women with inadequate versus adequate prenatal care (PNC), Winnipeg, MB, 2007–2010

From: Barriers, motivators and facilitators related to prenatal care utilization among inner-city women in Winnipeg, Canada: a case–control study

Characteristic1

Cases (inadequate PNC)

Controls (adequate PNC)

Chi square

p value

n = 202

n = 406

n (%)

n (%)

Marital status

    

Married

12 (6)

169 (41.8)

94.94

<.001

Common-law

68 (33.8)

123 (30.4)

Single/divorced/separated

121 (60.2)

112 (27.7)

Total family income

    

< = $19,999

143 (77.7)

118 (31.3)

112.66

<.001

$20,000-$39,999

27 (14.7)

106 (28.1)

$40,000-$59,999

9 (4.9)

66 (17.5)

> = $60,000

5 (2.7)

87 (23.1)

Years of education completed

    

< = 8 years

32 (15.9)

13 (3.2)

129.87

<.001

9-11 years

119 (59.2)

106 (26.4)

12 years

33 (16.4)

89 (22.2)

> = 13 years

17 (8.5)

193 (48.1)

Racial background

    

Aboriginal

171 (85.1)

134 (33.2)

147.44

<.001

Black

0 (0)

14 (3.5)

White

24 (11.9)

162 (40.1)

Filipino

1 (0.5)

49 (12.1)

Other

5 (2.5)

45 (11.1)

Parity (prior to birth)

    

0

43 (21.3)

201 (49.5)

99.06

<.001

1

48 (23.8)

121 (29.8)

2

30 (14.9)

48 (11.8)

3

36 (17.8)

20 (4.9)

> = 4

45 (22.3)

16 (3.9)

Weeks pregnant at first PNC visit 2

    

< = 13 weeks

50 (30.1)

406 (100)

355.88

<.001

14-27 weeks

71 (42.8)

0 (0)

> = 28 weeks

45 (27.1)

0 (0)

Number of PNC visits 2

    

< = 4 visits

156 (91.2)

0 (0)

519.35

<.001

5-9 visits

13 (7.6)

44 (10.8)

10-14 visits

2 (1.2)

295 (72.7)

> = 15 visits

0 (0)

67 (16.5)

Had a paid job during pregnancy

    

Yes

31 (15.4)

262 (64.9)

131.30

<.001

No

170 (84.6)

142 (35.1)

  1. 17.7% of data were missing for the income variable and ≤ 1.0% of data were missing for all other characteristics. Missing data were excluded from analyses.
  2. 2Excludes women with no prenatal care visits (n = 30).