| Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Region of residency | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Western Europe* | 0.92 | 0.82-1.02 | 0.93 | 0.83-1.05 |
Northern Europeâ | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Eastern Europe§ | 1.91 | 1.70-2.14 | 2.25 | 1.99-2.55 |
Maternal age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
†20 | 2.51 | 1.93-3.26 | 1.31 | 0.97-1.76 |
21-30 | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
31-40 | 0.65 | 0.59-0.71 | 0.82 | 0.74-0.91 |
> 40 | 0.49 | 0.34-0.71 | 0.57 | 0.39-0.83 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married/cohabiting | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Other | 2.89 | 2.36-3.53 | 2.22 | 1.78-2.77 |
Highest education level | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Less than high school | 3.57 | 2.87-4.44 | 4.23 | 3.32-5.38 |
High school | 1.78 | 1.61-1.97 | 1.95 | 1.74-2.18 |
More than high school | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Other | 1.30 | 1.12-1.50 | 1.48 | 1.27-1.73 |
Health literacy ** | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low | 1.25 | 1.04-1.52 | - | - |
Medium | 1 | Â | - | - |
High | 0.68 | 0.62-0.75 | - | - |
Working status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Employed (not as HCP) | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Healthcare personnel (HCP) | 0.84 | 0.73-0.97 | 0.99 | 0.85-1.14 |
Housewife | 0.86 | 0.73-1.03 | 0.73 | 0.60-0.88 |
Other | 1.31 | 1.16-1.47 | 0.97 | 0.85-1.11 |
First language | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Same as in country of residency | 1 | Â | - | - |
Other | 0.81 | 0.06-0.99 | - | - |
Previous children | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Yes | 0.78 | 0.71-0.86 | 0.80 | 0.73-0.89 |
Morbidity not incl. RD â â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1.07 | 0.95-1.20 | - | - |
No | 1 | Â | - | - |
Respiratory disease §§ |  |  |  |  |
Yes | 0.92 | 0.80-1.07 | - | - |
No | 1 | Â | - | - |
Planned pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes/not completely unexpected | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No, it was not planned | 1.70 | 1.45-1.98 | 1.32 | 1.11-1.56 |
Folic acid use *â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 1.75 | 1.49-2.05 | 1.66 | 1.40-1.97 |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1.27 | 1.12-1.43 | 1.36 | 1.19-1.55 |
No | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |