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Table 3 Factors associated with smoking before pregnancy (n = 8344)

From: Characteristics of women who continue smoking during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of pregnant women and new mothers in 15 European countries

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Maternal characteristics

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Region of residency

    

Western Europe*

0.92

0.82-1.02

0.93

0.83-1.05

Northern Europe†

1

 

1

 

Eastern Europe§

1.91

1.70-2.14

2.25

1.99-2.55

Maternal age

    

≀ 20

2.51

1.93-3.26

1.31

0.97-1.76

21-30

1

 

1

 

31-40

0.65

0.59-0.71

0.82

0.74-0.91

> 40

0.49

0.34-0.71

0.57

0.39-0.83

Marital status

    

Married/cohabiting

1

 

1

 

Other

2.89

2.36-3.53

2.22

1.78-2.77

Highest education level

    

Less than high school

3.57

2.87-4.44

4.23

3.32-5.38

High school

1.78

1.61-1.97

1.95

1.74-2.18

More than high school

1

 

1

 

Other

1.30

1.12-1.50

1.48

1.27-1.73

Health literacy **

    

Low

1.25

1.04-1.52

-

-

Medium

1

 

-

-

High

0.68

0.62-0.75

-

-

Working status

    

Employed (not as HCP)

1

 

1

 

Healthcare personnel (HCP)

0.84

0.73-0.97

0.99

0.85-1.14

Housewife

0.86

0.73-1.03

0.73

0.60-0.88

Other

1.31

1.16-1.47

0.97

0.85-1.11

First language

    

Same as in country of residency

1

 

-

-

Other

0.81

0.06-0.99

-

-

Previous children

    

No

1

 

1

 

Yes

0.78

0.71-0.86

0.80

0.73-0.89

Morbidity not incl. RD ††

    

Yes

1.07

0.95-1.20

-

-

No

1

 

-

-

Respiratory disease §§

    

Yes

0.92

0.80-1.07

-

-

No

1

 

-

-

Planned pregnancy

    

Yes/not completely unexpected

1

 

1

 

No, it was not planned

1.70

1.45-1.98

1.32

1.11-1.56

Folic acid use *†

    

Yes

1

 

1

 

No

1.75

1.49-2.05

1.66

1.40-1.97

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy

    

Yes

1.27

1.12-1.43

1.36

1.19-1.55

No

1

 

1

 
  1. The outcome variable is categorized as Smoking before pregnancy (yes = 1) and Never smoked (no = 0).
  2. Significant p-values are in bold.
  3. HCP = health care provider; RD = respiratory disease.
  4. Numbers may not add up to total due to missing values. For Folic acid use and Alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the response ‘cannot remember’ was treated as a missing value. Missing values are less than 5% of the total.
  5. *Includes Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, United Kingdom.
  6. †Includes Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.
  7. §Includes Croatia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia.
  8. **Measured by a self-assessment scale comprising three questions corresponding to the set of brief screening questions (SBSQ) developed to detect inadequate or marginal health literacy in clinical settings [26, 27].
  9. ††Includes the presence of a chronic disease (hypothyroidism, rheumatic diseases (incl. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), diabetes (type I or II), epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular diseases (incl. hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart diseases) or others (open-ended option)).
  10. §§Includes the presence of asthma, allergy, rhinitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, or other respiratory tract conditions.
  11. *†Indicates folic acid use before and/or during pregnancy.