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Table 4 Odds ratios for stillbirths and maternal characteristics using gestational age at first ANC visit in trimesters (Model 1) and as a continuous variable (Model 2)

From: The association between timing of initiation of antenatal care and stillbirths: a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

aOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

Number of observations

27,713

27,713

Gestational age at first ANC visit (Continuous)

--

1.01 (0.99-1.04)

Gestational age at first ANC visit (Trimester)

  

1 st Trimester (ref)

1.00

--

2 nd Trimester

0.78 (0.39-1.59)

--

3 rd Trimester

1.03 (0.50-2.13)

--

Parity

  

Nulliparous (ref)

1.00

1.00

Primi/Multiparous

1.20 (0.77-1.86)

1.20 (0.77-1.86)

Education

  

None or primary (ref)

1.00

1.00

Secondary or tertiary

0.68 (0.34-1.38)

0.68 (0.34-1.37)

Missing

0.77 (0.32-1.85)

0.76 (0.32-1.84)

Race

  

Coloured (ref)

1.00

1.00

Black

2.03 (1.33-2.10)a

2.01 (1.31-3.07)a

Other

2.42 (0.86-6.82)

2.43 (0.86-6.83)

Smoking

  

Non-smoking (ref)

1.00

1.00

Smoking

1.10 (0.66-1.84)

1.10 (0.66-1.84)

Missing

0.61 (0.30-1.25)

0.61 (0.30-1.25)

Maternal age (continuous)

1.03 (1.00-1.07)a

1.03 (1.00-1.07)a

  1. All models are adjusted for parity, education, mother’s age, race, and smoking status.
  2. aOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio.
  3. aIndicates a significant aOR at 5% significance.