Table 4 Breastfeeding characteristics and practices of the women involved in this study
From: Case–control study of risk factors for infectious mastitis in Spanish breastfeeding women
Variables | Case, n* (%) | Control, n* (%) | OR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First breastfeed after birth | |||||
Not immediately | 104 (28.42) | 24 (16.44) | Reference | 0.005 | |
Immediately | 262 (71.58) | 122 (83.56) | 0.50 | 0.30–0.81 | |
Problems to latch on the nipple at first | |||||
No | 250 (67.93) | 125 (85.03) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 118 (32.07) | 22 (14.97) | 2.68 | 1.62–4.44 | |
Time until the milk come in | |||||
Hours | 50 (13.77) | 42 (29.17) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
One day | 66 (18.18) | 27 (18.75) | 2.05 | 1.12–3.77 | |
Several days | 247 (68.04) | 75 (52.08) | 2.77 | 1.70–4.49 | |
Breast milk amount | |||||
Normal | 185 (50.27) | 94 (63.95) | Reference | 0.006 | |
Oversupply | 139 (37.77) | 48 (31.29) | 1.54 | 1.01–2.33 | |
Low supply | 44 (11.96) | 7 (4.76) | 3.19 | 1.39–7.36 | |
Types of breastfeeding | |||||
Mixed | 272 (75.35) | 14 (9.52) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Exclusive | 89 (24.65) | 133 (90.48) | 0.32 | 0.18–0.59 | |
Breastfeeding twins / Tandem nursing | |||||
No | 349 (96.41) | 126 (87.50) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 13 (3.59) | 18 (12.50) | 0.26 | 0.12–0.55 | |
Breastfeeding positions | |||||
1 | 48 (13.30) | 22 (15.28) | 1.05 | 0.60–1.86 | 0.043 |
2 | 170 (47.09) | 82 (56.94) | Reference | ||
3 | 143 (39.61) | 40 (27.78) | 1.72 | 1.11–2.67 | |
Breastfeeding length | |||||
5-15 min | 71 (26.59) | 36 (41.38) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
15-30 min | 112 (41.95) | 38 (43.68) | 1.49 | 0.87–2.58 | |
30-45 min | 37 (13.86) | 8 (9.20) | 2.35 | 0.99–5.56 | |
> 45 min | 47 (17.60) | 5 (5.75) | 4.77 | 1.74–13.03 | |
Time since breastfeeding started | |||||
< 2 weeks | 31 (8.59) | 3 (2.59) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
2-4 weeks | 61 (16.90) | 8 (6.90) | 0.74 | 0.18–2.98 | |
1-3 months | 161 (44.60) | 22 (18.97) | 0.71 | 0.20–2.51 | |
3-6 months | 52 (14.40) | 51 (43.97) | 0.10 | 0.03–0.34 | |
6-12 months | 30 (8.31) | 15 (12.93) | 0.19 | 0.05–0.74 | |
> 12 months | 26 (7.20) | 17 (14.66) | 0.15 | 0.04–0.56 | |
Breast preference | |||||
No | 233 (64.19) | 104 (71.23) | Reference | 0.129 | |
Yes | 130 (35.81) | 42 (28.77) | 1.38 | 0.91–2.10 | |
Consecutive feeds start with same breast | |||||
No | 331 (92.72) | 137 (93.84) | Reference | 0.655 | |
Yes | 26 (7.28) | 9 (6.16) | 1.20 | 0.55–2.62 | |
One or two breast in each session | |||||
1 | 138 (43.13) | 54 (40.30) | Reference | 0.578 | |
2 | 182 (56.88) | 80 (59.70) | 0.89 | 0.59–1.34 | |
Child skips one breastfeed session | |||||
No | 274 (96.14) | 117 (99.15) | Reference | 0.195 | |
Yes | 11 (3.86) | 1 (0.85) | 4.70 | 0.60–36.80 | |
Pacifier | |||||
No | 235 (66.38) | 112 (75.68) | Reference | 0.040 | |
Yes | 119 (33.62) | 36 (24.32) | 1.58 | 1.02–2.44 | |
Nipple shields | |||||
No | 291 (82.20) | 141 (95.27) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 63 (17.80) | 7 (4.73) | 4.36 | 1.95–9.77 | |
Bottle-feeding | |||||
No | 260 (73.45) | 136 (91.89) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 94 (26.55) | 12 (8.11) | 4.10 | 2.17–7.74 | |
Flat or inverted nipples | |||||
No | 323 (91.24) | 147 (99.32) | Reference | 0.002 | |
Yes | 31 (8.76) | 1 (0.68) | 14.11 | 1.91–104.34 | |
Cream on nipples | |||||
No | 171 (47.63) | 108 (75.52) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 188 (52.37) | 35 (24.48) | 3.39 | 2.20–5.24 | |
Breast pumps | |||||
No | 143 (39.29) | 101 (69.18) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 221 (60.71) | 45 (30.82) | 3.47 | 2.30–5.22 | |
Breast pads | |||||
No | 116 (32.77) | 56 (38.89) | Reference | 0.193 | |
Yes | 238 (67.23) | 88 (61.11) | 1.31 | 0.87–1.95 | |
Brassier use | |||||
Day and night | 170 (48.99) | 72 (54.96) | Reference | 0.244 | |
Only day | 177 (51.01) | 59 (45.04) | 1.27 | 0.85–1.90 | |
Cracked nipples ( 1–5 ) ** | |||||
1 | 73 (19.84) | 77 (52.03) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
2 | 42 (11.41) | 26 (17.57) | 1.70 | 0.95–3.06 | |
3 | 50 (13.59) | 12 (8.11) | 4.39 | 2.17–8.91 | |
4 | 43 (11.68) | 9 (6.08) | 5.04 | 2.30–11.07 | |
5 | 160 (43.48) | 24 (16.22) | 7.03 | 4.02–12.01 | |
Antibiotics during breastfeeding | |||||
No | 207 (56.71) | 126 (85.71) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 158 (43.29) | 21 (14.29) | 4.58 | 2.76–7.60 | |
Antifungal medication during breastfeeding | |||||
No | 280 (76.71) | 132 (89.80) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 85 (23.29) | 15 (10.20) | 2.67 | 1,49–4,80 | |
Analgesics during breastfeeding | |||||
No | 217 (58.97) | 109 (73.65) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 151 (41.03) | 39 (26.35) | 1.94 | 1.28–2.96 | |
Non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs | |||||
No | 218 (59.24) | 119 (80.41) | Reference | < 0.001 | |
Yes | 150 (40.76) | 29 (19.59) | 2.82 | 1.79–4.45 | |
Corticosteroids | |||||
No | 355 (96.47) | 146 (98.65) | Reference | 0.297 | |
Yes | 13 (3.53) | 2 (1.35) | 2.67 | 0.60–11.99 | |