The influence of women’s preferences and actual mode of delivery on post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth: a population-based, longitudinal study

Table 3 Adjusted means of posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth in four different match/mismatch groups

	Covariates		Adjusted means and difference test of posttraumantic stress symptoms
Variable	η_p ²	F	Match 1	Match 2	Mismatch 1	Mismatch 2	F	Post hoc^b
(Time point of measurement)			No preference, no ElCS^a	Preference, ElCS	No preference, ElCS	Preference, no ElCS	F	Post hoc^b
			Model 1 (covariates from each block included simultaneously)
Psychological Factors			6.56	5.97	7.25	8.73	3.17^*	1-4^*
Prior PTSD (pregnancy week 17)	0.004	6.33^*
Prior Sexual Abuse^c (8 weeks postpartum)	0.002	3.89^*
Fear of childbirth (pregnancy week 32)	0.019	32.76^***
Depression (pregnancy week 32)	0.015	26.05^***
Anxiety (pregnancy week 32)	0.013	22.77^***
Personality			6.38	7.61	7.97	10.08	8.55^***	1-4^***
Neuroticism (pregnancy week 17)	0.044	78.73^***
Conscientiousness (pregnancy week 17)	0.006	10.22^**
Somatic & Demographic Factors			6.32	8.35	8.19	10.43	10.88^***	1-4^***
Parity (pregnancy week 17)	0.012	20.41^***
Age (perinatally)	0.003	5.77^*
Education (perinatally)	0.002	4.24^*
			Model 2 (all statistically significant covariates included simultaneously)
All covariates			6.54	6.69	7.46	8.56	2.66^*	1-4^*
Prior PTSD (pregnancy week 17)	0.002	3.98^*
Prior Sexual Abuse (8 weeks postpartum)	0.002	2.87
Fear of childbirth (pregnancy week 32)	0.012	20.85^***
Depression (pregnancy week 32)	0.016	26.55^***
Anxiety (pregnancy week 32)	0.010	17.74^***
Neuroticism (pregnancy week 17)	0.001	1.80
Conscientiousness (pregnancy week 17)	0.001	1.11
Parity (pregnancy week 17)	0.013	22.13^***
Age (perinatally)	0.001	1.17
Education (perinatally)	0.000	0.69

^aElective Cesarean Section.
^bBonferroni post-hoc tests are used ; 1–4 = significant differences between Match 1 and Mismatch 2.
^*p < .05, ^**p < .01, ^***p < .001.
^cPrior sexual abuse, medical risk, parity and education are dichotomous variables, means are therefore indicating proportions.

ISSN: 1471-2393