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Table 1 General characteristics of the study population: individual variables

From: Individual and community determinants of neonatal mortality in Ghana: a multilevel analysis

 

Neonatal death

 

Number (%)

Yes

No

 
 

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Total N (%)

Individual-level determinants

    

Neonatal factors

    

Infant sex

    

 Male

3,476 (51)

150 (4)

3,326 (96)

3,476 (100)

 Female

3,360 (49)

122 (4)

3,238 (96)

3,360 (100)

Birth order

    

 One

1,518 (22)

66 (4)

1,452 (96)

1,518 (100)

 Two

1,342 (20)

37 (3)

1,305 (97)

1,342 (100)

 Three

1,090 (16)

37 (3)

1,053 (97)

1,090 (100)

 Four

883 (13)

28 (3)

855 (97)

883 (100)

 Five

2,003 (29)

104 (5)

1,899 (95)

2,003 (100)

Multiple gestation

    

 Yes

285 (4)

39 (14)

246 (86)

285 (100)

 No

6,551 (96)

233 (4)

6,318 (96)

6,551 (100)

Birth weight

    

 Small

1,142 (17)

72 (6)

1,070 (94)

1,142 (100)

 Normal

5,607 (83)

176 (3)

5,431 (97)

5,607 (100)

Maternal factors

    

Maternal Age

    

 15 – 24 years

1,537 (23)

57 (4)

1,480 (96)

1,537 (100)

 25 – 34 years

3,300 (48)

123 (4)

3,177 (96)

3,300 (100)

 35 – 49 years

1,999 (29)

92 (5)

1,907 (95)

1,999 (100)

Maternal education

    

 No education

2,956 (43)

113 (4)

2,843 (96)

2,956 (100)

 Primary

1,545 (23)

73 (5)

1,472 (95)

1,545 (100)

 Secondary or higher

2,335 (34)

86 (4)

2,249 (96)

2,335 (100)

Maternal occupation

    

 Unemployed

689 (10)

27 (4)

662 (96)

689 (100)

 Manual

4,184 (62)

167 (4)

4,017 (96)

4,184 (100)

 White collar job

1,922 (28)

75 (4)

1,847 (96)

1,922 (100)

Parity

    

 1

1,035 (15)

27 (3)

1,008 (97)

1,035 (100)

 2 – 4

3,514 (51)

148 (3)

3,396 (97)

3,514 (100)

 ≥ 5

2,287 (34)

127 (6)

2,160 (94)

2,287 (100)

Birth interval

    

 < 18 months

227 (4)

27 (12)

200 (88)

227 (100)

 18 – 36 months

2,060 (39)

82 (4)

1,978 (96)

2,060 (100)

 > 36 months

3,016 (57)

97 (3)

2,919 (97)

3,016 (100)

Breastfeeding

    

 Yes

6,647 (97)

138 (2)

6,509 (98)

6,647 (100)

 No

189 (3)

134 (71)

55 (29)

77 (100)

Health seeking behaviour

    

 1 lowest

1,489 (24)

128 (9)

1,361 (91)

1,489 (100)

 2

2,231 (35)

64 (3)

2,167 (97)

2,231 (100)

 3

1,417 (22)

50 (4)

1,367 (96)

1,417 (100)

 4 Highest

1,224 (19)

00 (0)

1,224 (100)

1,224 (100)

Paternal factor

    

Paternal occupation

    

 Farming

3,816 (59)

146 (4)

3,670 (96)

3,816 (100)

 Manual

1,481 (23)

52 (4)

1,429 (96)

1,481 (100)

 White collar job

1,200 (18)

63 (5)

1,137 (95)

1,200 (100)

Paternal education

    

 No education

2,331 (38)

93 (4)

2,238 (95)

2,331 (100)

 Primary

580 (9)

26 (4)

554 (96)

580 (100)

 Secondary or higher

3,329 (53)

125 (4)

3,204 (96)

3,329 (100)

Wealth index

    

 Poor

3,773 (55)

136 (4)

3,637 (96)

3,773 (100)

 Middle

1,186 (17)

61 (5)

1,125 (95)

1,186 (100)

 Rich

1,877 (28)

75 (4)

1,802 (96)

1,877 (100)

Ethnicity

    

 Akan

2,612 (38)

110 (4)

2,502 (96)

2,612 (100)

 Ga/Guan

578 (8)

21 (4)

557 (96)

578 (100)

 Ewe

791 (12)

26 (3)

765 (97)

791 (100)

 Mole-dagbani

1,697 (25)

62 (4)

1,635 (96)

1,697 (100)

 Grussi/Gruma

703 (10)

35 (5)

668 (95)

703 (100)

 Others

451 (7)

18 (4)

433 (96)

451 (100)