From: Individual and community determinants of neonatal mortality in Ghana: a multilevel analysis
 | Neonatal death | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Number (%) | Yes | No |  |
 | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Total N (%) |
Individual-level determinants | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Neonatal factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Infant sex | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 3,476 (51) | 150 (4) | 3,326 (96) | 3,476 (100) |
 Female | 3,360 (49) | 122 (4) | 3,238 (96) | 3,360 (100) |
Birth order | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 One | 1,518 (22) | 66 (4) | 1,452 (96) | 1,518 (100) |
 Two | 1,342 (20) | 37 (3) | 1,305 (97) | 1,342 (100) |
 Three | 1,090 (16) | 37 (3) | 1,053 (97) | 1,090 (100) |
 Four | 883 (13) | 28 (3) | 855 (97) | 883 (100) |
 Five | 2,003 (29) | 104 (5) | 1,899 (95) | 2,003 (100) |
Multiple gestation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 285 (4) | 39 (14) | 246 (86) | 285 (100) |
 No | 6,551 (96) | 233 (4) | 6,318 (96) | 6,551 (100) |
Birth weight | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Small | 1,142 (17) | 72 (6) | 1,070 (94) | 1,142 (100) |
 Normal | 5,607 (83) | 176 (3) | 5,431 (97) | 5,607 (100) |
Maternal factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 15 – 24 years | 1,537 (23) | 57 (4) | 1,480 (96) | 1,537 (100) |
 25 – 34 years | 3,300 (48) | 123 (4) | 3,177 (96) | 3,300 (100) |
 35 – 49 years | 1,999 (29) | 92 (5) | 1,907 (95) | 1,999 (100) |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No education | 2,956 (43) | 113 (4) | 2,843 (96) | 2,956 (100) |
 Primary | 1,545 (23) | 73 (5) | 1,472 (95) | 1,545 (100) |
 Secondary or higher | 2,335 (34) | 86 (4) | 2,249 (96) | 2,335 (100) |
Maternal occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Unemployed | 689 (10) | 27 (4) | 662 (96) | 689 (100) |
 Manual | 4,184 (62) | 167 (4) | 4,017 (96) | 4,184 (100) |
 White collar job | 1,922 (28) | 75 (4) | 1,847 (96) | 1,922 (100) |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1 | 1,035 (15) | 27 (3) | 1,008 (97) | 1,035 (100) |
 2 – 4 | 3,514 (51) | 148 (3) | 3,396 (97) | 3,514 (100) |
 ≥ 5 | 2,287 (34) | 127 (6) | 2,160 (94) | 2,287 (100) |
Birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 < 18 months | 227 (4) | 27 (12) | 200 (88) | 227 (100) |
 18 – 36 months | 2,060 (39) | 82 (4) | 1,978 (96) | 2,060 (100) |
 > 36 months | 3,016 (57) | 97 (3) | 2,919 (97) | 3,016 (100) |
Breastfeeding | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 6,647 (97) | 138 (2) | 6,509 (98) | 6,647 (100) |
 No | 189 (3) | 134 (71) | 55 (29) | 77 (100) |
Health seeking behaviour | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1 lowest | 1,489 (24) | 128 (9) | 1,361 (91) | 1,489 (100) |
 2 | 2,231 (35) | 64 (3) | 2,167 (97) | 2,231 (100) |
 3 | 1,417 (22) | 50 (4) | 1,367 (96) | 1,417 (100) |
 4 Highest | 1,224 (19) | 00 (0) | 1,224 (100) | 1,224 (100) |
Paternal factor | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Paternal occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Farming | 3,816 (59) | 146 (4) | 3,670 (96) | 3,816 (100) |
 Manual | 1,481 (23) | 52 (4) | 1,429 (96) | 1,481 (100) |
 White collar job | 1,200 (18) | 63 (5) | 1,137 (95) | 1,200 (100) |
Paternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No education | 2,331 (38) | 93 (4) | 2,238 (95) | 2,331 (100) |
 Primary | 580 (9) | 26 (4) | 554 (96) | 580 (100) |
 Secondary or higher | 3,329 (53) | 125 (4) | 3,204 (96) | 3,329 (100) |
Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Poor | 3,773 (55) | 136 (4) | 3,637 (96) | 3,773 (100) |
 Middle | 1,186 (17) | 61 (5) | 1,125 (95) | 1,186 (100) |
 Rich | 1,877 (28) | 75 (4) | 1,802 (96) | 1,877 (100) |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Akan | 2,612 (38) | 110 (4) | 2,502 (96) | 2,612 (100) |
 Ga/Guan | 578 (8) | 21 (4) | 557 (96) | 578 (100) |
 Ewe | 791 (12) | 26 (3) | 765 (97) | 791 (100) |
 Mole-dagbani | 1,697 (25) | 62 (4) | 1,635 (96) | 1,697 (100) |
 Grussi/Gruma | 703 (10) | 35 (5) | 668 (95) | 703 (100) |
 Others | 451 (7) | 18 (4) | 433 (96) | 451 (100) |