Independent variables | Unadjusted odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI)‡ | OR (95% CI)‡ | |
Social support around pregnancy | ||
Overall support during pregnancy | ||
All of the time | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Most of the time | 2.25 (1.79-2.82) | 1.27 (0.95-1.69) |
None/Little/Some of the time | 4.39 (3.39-5.68) | 1.31 (0.91-1.91) |
Overall support after birth | ||
All of the time | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Most of the time | 2.49 (1.90-3.26) | 2.11 (1.51-2.95) |
None/Little/Some of the time | 8.02 (6.17-10.44) | 5.10 (3.51-7.36) |
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||
Age | ||
Teen mother (15–19 years) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Adult mother (20+ years) | 0.47 (0.33-0.68) | 0.56 (0.36-0.89) |
Urban–rural residence | ||
Rural area | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Urban, population ≤499,999 | 1.00 (0.73-1.36) | 0.98 (0.69-1.37) |
Urban, population ≥500,000 | 1.56 (1.17-2.07) | 1.36 (0.99-1.88) |
Immigration to Canada | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.19 (1.75-2.74) | 1.92 (1.44-2.57) |
Level of education | ||
High school or less | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some postsecondary education | 0.60 (0.47-0.75) | 0.75 (0.56-1.01) |
Undergraduate education | 0.54 (0.40-0.72) | 0.72 (0.50-1.02) |
Graduate education | 0.49 (0.32-0.76) | 0.54 (0.33-0.88) |
Partner/Significant other | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.54 (0.41-0.72) | 0.77 (0.55-1.08) |
Previous depression diagnosis | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.46 (1.96-3.08) | 2.44 (1.88-3.17) |
Pregnancy-related characteristics | ||
Wanted the pregnancy | ||
Then or Sooner | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Later or Not at all | 1.78 (1.45-2.19) | 1.23 (0.96-1.58) |
Health problems during pregnancy | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.56 (1.26-1.94) | 1.45 (1.13-1.87) |
Work during pregnancy | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.43 (1.05-1.93) | 1.47 (1.01-2.12) |
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.61 (1.23-2.11) | 1.22 (0.87-1.71) |
Alcohol use during pregnancy | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.15 (0.83-1.59) | 1.10 (0.76-1.59) |
Drug use during pregnancy | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 4.89 (2.66-8.98) | 2.39 (1.08-5.26) |
Delivery characteristics | ||
Type of delivery | ||
Vaginal | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Caesarean | 0.92 (0.74-1.16) | 0.90 (0.69-1.16) |
Birth setting | ||
Hospital/clinic | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Birthing centre/private/home/other | 1.16 (0.51-2.66) | 1.24 (0.50-3.12) |
General experience in labour and birth | ||
Negative | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Positive | 0.63 (0.46-0.85) | 0.77 (0.55-1.08) |
Neither | 0.62 (0.40-0.95) | 0.73 (0.45-1.21) |
Postpartum characteristics | ||
Mother’s hospitalization after birth | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.84 (1.17-2.88) | 1.66 (0.98-2.82) |
Work after pregnancy | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.72 (0.52-1.00) | 0.81 (0.56-1.16) |
Enough information on PPD | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.26 (0.20-0.33) | 0.38 (0.28-0.51) |