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Table 2 Associations between social support and postpartum depression among Canadian mothers in 2006–2007 maternity experiences survey (N = 6,304)

From: The effect of social support around pregnancy on postpartum depression among Canadian teen mothers and adult mothers in the maternity experiences survey

Independent variables

Unadjusted odds ratio

Adjusted odds ratio

OR (95% CI)‡

OR (95% CI)‡

Social support around pregnancy

  

Overall support during pregnancy

  

   All of the time

1.00

1.00

   Most of the time

2.25 (1.79-2.82)

1.27 (0.95-1.69)

   None/Little/Some of the time

4.39 (3.39-5.68)

1.31 (0.91-1.91)

Overall support after birth

  

   All of the time

1.00

1.00

   Most of the time

2.49 (1.90-3.26)

2.11 (1.51-2.95)

   None/Little/Some of the time

8.02 (6.17-10.44)

5.10 (3.51-7.36)

Socio-demographic characteristics

  

Age

  

   Teen mother (15–19 years)

1.00

1.00

   Adult mother (20+ years)

0.47 (0.33-0.68)

0.56 (0.36-0.89)

Urban–rural residence

  

   Rural area

1.00

1.00

   Urban, population ≤499,999

1.00 (0.73-1.36)

0.98 (0.69-1.37)

   Urban, population ≥500,000

1.56 (1.17-2.07)

1.36 (0.99-1.88)

Immigration to Canada

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

2.19 (1.75-2.74)

1.92 (1.44-2.57)

Level of education

  

   High school or less

1.00

1.00

   Some postsecondary education

0.60 (0.47-0.75)

0.75 (0.56-1.01)

   Undergraduate education

0.54 (0.40-0.72)

0.72 (0.50-1.02)

   Graduate education

0.49 (0.32-0.76)

0.54 (0.33-0.88)

Partner/Significant other

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

0.54 (0.41-0.72)

0.77 (0.55-1.08)

Previous depression diagnosis

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

2.46 (1.96-3.08)

2.44 (1.88-3.17)

Pregnancy-related characteristics

  

Wanted the pregnancy

  

   Then or Sooner

1.00

1.00

   Later or Not at all

1.78 (1.45-2.19)

1.23 (0.96-1.58)

Health problems during pregnancy

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

1.56 (1.26-1.94)

1.45 (1.13-1.87)

Work during pregnancy

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

1.43 (1.05-1.93)

1.47 (1.01-2.12)

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

1.61 (1.23-2.11)

1.22 (0.87-1.71)

Alcohol use during pregnancy

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

1.15 (0.83-1.59)

1.10 (0.76-1.59)

Drug use during pregnancy

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

4.89 (2.66-8.98)

2.39 (1.08-5.26)

Delivery characteristics

  

Type of delivery

  

   Vaginal

1.00

1.00

   Caesarean

0.92 (0.74-1.16)

0.90 (0.69-1.16)

Birth setting

  

   Hospital/clinic

1.00

1.00

   Birthing centre/private/home/other

1.16 (0.51-2.66)

1.24 (0.50-3.12)

General experience in labour and birth

  

   Negative

1.00

1.00

   Positive

0.63 (0.46-0.85)

0.77 (0.55-1.08)

   Neither

0.62 (0.40-0.95)

0.73 (0.45-1.21)

Postpartum characteristics

  

Mother’s hospitalization after birth

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

1.84 (1.17-2.88)

1.66 (0.98-2.82)

Work after pregnancy

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

0.72 (0.52-1.00)

0.81 (0.56-1.16)

Enough information on PPD

  

   No

1.00

1.00

   Yes

0.26 (0.20-0.33)

0.38 (0.28-0.51)

  1. ‡95% CIs calculated using bootstrapping technique.
  2. OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.