From: Diabetes in pregnancy among First Nations women in Alberta, Canada: a retrospective analysis
Women without diabetes (n = 407,855) | Women with diabetes (n = 19,173) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Nations (n = 26,793) | Non-First Nations (n = 381,092) | P-value | First Nations (n = 1,513) | Non-First Nations (n = 17,660) | P-value | |
Maternal characteristics and risks | ||||||
Age (years) | 24.7 (5.8) | 28.7 (5.5) | <0.001 | 28.9 (6.2) | 31.6 (5.3) | <0.001 |
Rural | 51.8 (51.2-52.4) | 15.9 (15.8-16.0) | <0.001 | 52.5 (49.9-55.0) | 11.4 (10.9-11.9) | <0.001 |
Weight ≥ 91 kg | 10.8 (10.5-11.2) | 8.0 (7.9-8.1) | <0.001 | 31.7 (29.3-34.1) | 18.4 (17.9-19.0) | <0.001 |
Pre-existing hypertension | 0.9 (0.8-1.0) | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) | 0.367 | 4.2 (3.3-5.4) | 3.3 (3.0-3.5) | 0.041 |
Pregnancy induced hypertension | 4.4 (4.2-4.7) | 5.7 (5.6-5.7) | <0.001 | 8.1 (6.7-9.7) | 12.2 (11.7-12.7) | 0.193 |
Proteinuria | 2.4 (2.2-2.6) | 1.9 (1.9-2.0) | <0.001 | 5.6 (4.5-6.9) | 3.9 (3.9-4.2) | 0.001 |
Anemia | 2.3 (2.1-2.5) | 0.6 (0.5-0.6) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) | 0.5 (0.4-0.7) | <0.001 |
Smoker | 54.7 (54.1-55.3) | 17.0 (16.9-17.2) | <0.001 | 49.4 (46.8-51.9) | 14.3 (13.8-14.8) | <0.001 |
Alcohol anytime | 10.4 (10.0-11.0) | 1.7 (1.5-1.8) | <0.001 | 7.8 (6.2-9.8) | 1.0 (0.8-1.1) | <0.001 |
Drug dependant | 6.6 (6.3-6.9) | 0.9 (0.8-0.9) | <0.001 | 3.5 (2.6-4.6) | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | <0.001 |
Antepartum risk ≥ 7 | 10.4 (10.1-10.8) | 5.1 (5.1-5.2) | <0.001 | 30.7 (28.4-33.1) | 19.8 (19.2-2.4) | <0.001 |
Pregnancy Outcomes | ||||||
Induction of labour | 23.8 (23.1-24.3) | 27.3 (27.1-27.4) | <0.001 | 41.7 (39.2-44.2) | 40.9 (40.2-41.7) | 0.554 |
Cesarean section | 19.1 (18.6-19.5) | 25.5 (25.4-25.6) | <0.001 | 35.4 (33.0-37.8) | 39.8 (39.0-40.9) | 0.001 |
Low birth weight | 8.0 (7.6-8.3) | 7.1 (7.0-7.2) | <0.001 | 7.2 (6.0-8.6) | 8.6 (8.2-9.0) | 0.063 |
High birth weight | 16.7 (16.3-17.2) | 11.1 (10.9-11.1) | <0.001 | 29.3 (27.0-31.6) | 12.9 (12.4-13.4) | <0.001 |
Breastfeeding | 71.2 (70.5-72.8) | 88.3 (88.2-88.6) | <0.001 | 74.7 (69.3-79.6) | 86.3 (85.4-87.1) | <0.001 |
Preterm | 9.2 (8.9-9.6) | 8.8 (8.7-8.9) | 0.026 | 17.3 (15.4-19.3) | 14.7 (14.2-15.3) | 0.008 |
Stillbirth | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | 0.7 (0.6-0.7) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.5-2.9) | 0.6 (0.5-0.8) | <0.001 |
Congenital anomaly | 1.8 (1.6-2.0) | 1.5 (1.4-1.5) | 0.001 | 1.4 (0.8-2.3) | 1.7 (1.5-2.1) | 0.243 |
Neonatal intensive care unit admission | 8.6 (8.3-9.0) | 11.2 (11.1-11.3) | <0.001 | 16.7 (14.8-15.7) | 19.4 (18.8-20.0) | <0.001 |