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Table 1 Studies that reported the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure using maternal self-reports and meconium testing

From: A comparison of the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure obtained via maternal self-reports versus meconium testing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Country, province/territory or state (if available)

Reference

Year(s) of study

Sample size

Setting

Maternal age (mean; years)

Tool used to obtain self-reported data

Trimester when alcohol was consumed, number of mothers and percent of self-reported drinkers (if available)

Cumulative FAEE cut-point

Prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure

Increase in sensitivity (meconium testing versus self-reports)a

         

Prevalence via self-reports

Prevalence via meconium testing

 
         

Number of mothers

Percentage of mothers

Number of mothers

Percentage of mothers

 

Canada, Ontario

Gareri et al. [15]

2004-05

682

Regional birthing hospitals

n/a

Questionnaire

n/a

2 n▪mol/g

5

0.5%

17

2.5%

5 times

Canada, Ontario

Goh et al. [42]

2006-07

50

High-risk obstetric unit

n/a

Medical record

n/a

2 n▪mol/g

1

2.0%

15

30.0%

15 times

Germany, Erlangen

Bakdash et al. [43]

n/a

602

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

n/a

Questionnaire, with CAGE [47]

n/a

500 n▪g/g (~2 n▪mol/g)

1

0.2%

43

7.1%

43 times

Italy, Emilia

Pichini et al. [44]b

n/a

96

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

28.4

Questionnaire

n/a

2 n▪mol/g

3

3.1%

8

8.3%

2.7 times

Italy

Pichini et al. [45]

n/a

607

Neonatal wards of public hospitals

31

Questionnaire, with AUDIT [48]

All three trimesters

2 n▪mol/g

65c

10.7%

48

7.9%

0.7 times

Spain, Barcelona

Garcia-Algar et al. [46]

n/a

353

Hospital (low SES)

29

n/a

n/a

2 n▪mol/g

48

13.6%

159

45.0%

3.3 times

Spain, Barcelona

Manich et al. [36]

n/a

62

Neonatal hospital

n/a

Questionnaire

n/a

2 n▪mol/g

0

0%

10

16.1%

16.1 times

Spain, Barcelona

Pichini et al. [44]b

n/a

81

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

28.3

Questionnaire

n/a

2 n▪mol/g

4

4.9%

34

42.0%

8.5 times

Uruguay, Montevideo

Hutson et al. [37]; Magri et al. [38, 39]d

2005

900

Public Hospitals

25.4

Questionnaire, with CAGE [47]

n/a

2 n▪mol/g

331

36.8%

362

43.5%

1.2 times

USA, Hawaii

Derauf et al. [40, 41]e

1999

422

Urban regional perinatal center

29 (median)

Medical record

1st trimester: 5 (21.7%); 1st & 2nd trimester: 2 (8.7%); All three trimesters: 4 (17.4%); Not documented: 12 (52.2%)

50 n▪g/g

18f

4.3%

72

17.1%

4.0 times

  1. AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; FAEE: fatty acid ethyl esters; n/a: not available; SES: socio-economic status.
  2. aLevels of increased sensitivity may not total percentage figures obtained via meconium testing divided by percentage figures obtained via self-reports due to rounding errors.
  3. bPichini et al. [44] reported results for two study sites (Italy and Spain).
  4. cReported “daily” consumption.
  5. dHutson et al. [37] and Magri et al. [38, 39] were published in iteration.
  6. eDerauf et al. [40, 41] are dual publication.
  7. fExcludes 5 women who reported alcohol use during the first trimester only.
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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