Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted ORs for association of characteristics and spontaneous perineal trauma in women with a singleton vaginal delivery
From: Incidence of and risk factors for perineal trauma: a prospective observational study
Characteristics | Unadjusted | Adjusted |
|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Nulliparity | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Multiparity | 1.05 (0.90, 1.23) | 0.42 (0.32, 0.56)* |
Community (FMU or home) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Hospital | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 1.48 (1.01, 2.17)* |
Age group (years)1 | Â | Â |
< 21 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
21–30 | 1.10 (0.78, 1.56) | NE |
31–40 | 1.34 (0.81, 1.61) | NE |
> 40 | 1.03 (0.59, 1.79) | NE |
Birthing pool2 | 1.39 (1.05, 1.86)* | 1.10 (0.72, 1.66) |
Epidural3 | 0.69 (0.58, 0.81)* | 0.90 (0.67, 1.20) |
Spontaneous (non-operative) delivery | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Ventouse | 0.40 (0.31, 0.52)* | 1.86 (1.00, 3.48) |
Forceps | 0.18 (0.13, 0.24)* | 2.61 (1.22, 5.56)* |
Directed pushing4 | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93)* | 1.12 (0.88, 1.44) |
Delivery position lying down | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Delivery position upright | 1.85 (1.56, 2.19)* | 1.20 (0.93, 1.56) |
Perineum touched5 | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11)* | 1.09 (0.81, 1.47) |
Delivery technique hands on either or both perineum and head | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Delivery technique off/off | 1.31 (1.08, 1.60)* | 0.78 (0.61, 1.00) |
Occipito posterior or Occipito transverse | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Occipital anterior | 2.03 (1.42, 2.91)* | 1.28 (0.73, 2.24) |
Duration 2nd stage (log mins) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02)* | 1.45 (1.28, 1.63)* |
Episiotomy6 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) * | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) * |
Dystocia7 | 0.74 (0.39, 1.41) | 0.28 (0.09, 0.93) * |
Birth weight (grams) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)* | 1.001 (1.000, 1.001)* |