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Table 1 Maternal, neonatal and process/intervention secondary outcomes assessed in SPRING

From: SPRING: an RCT study of probiotics in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight and obese women

Maternal

Neonatal

Process/intervention

Gestational weight gain

Body composition, anthropometry

Visit attendance

Preeclampsia*

Preterm delivery

Adherence to probiotic/placebo regimen

Induction of labor

Shoulder dystocia

 

Cesarean delivery

Hypoglycemia

 

 Elective

Treatment with supplementary fluids/feeds

 

 Emergency

  

Change in prevalence of L. rhamnosus and B. lactis in gut microbiome

Nerve palsy

 

Change in lipids and inflammatory profile

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit

 

Change in dietary indices and physical activity levels between baseline and 28 weeks gestation

Jaundice requiring phototherapy

 
 

Bone fracture

 
 

Death: stillbirth or neonatal death

 
  1. * Preeclampsia as diagnosed as per the criteria of the international society for the study of hypertension in pregnancy (ISSHP) [25].