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Table 3 Comparison between newborns with asphyxia and newborns with asphyxia and maternal fever in Bangladesh and India

From: Maternal infection and risk of intrapartum death: a population based observational study in South Asia

Factors Associated with maternal infection

Pooled dataset (n = 3890)

Bangladesh (n = 3427)

India (n = 463)

Hypoxia alone (n = 3716)

Fever and hypoxia (n = 174)

p valuea

Hypoxia alone (n = 3303)

Fever and hypoxia (n = 124)

p valuea

Hypoxia alone (n = 413)

Fever and hypoxia (n = 50)

p valuea

Newborn health

         

Early neonatal death, n (%)

         

No

2997 (80.7)

125 (71.8)

0.004

2752 (83.3)

97 (78.2)

0.137

245 (59.3)

28 (56.0)

0.652

Yes

719 (19.4)

49 (28.2)

 

551 (16.7)

27 (21.8)

 

168 (40.7)

22 (44.0)

 

Signs of maternal infection

         

Prom, n (%)

         

No

nab

na

na

2420 (73.3)

82 (66.1)

0.203

na

na

na

Yes

na

na

 

810 (24.5)

38 (30.7)

 

na

na

 

Missing

   

73 (2.2)

4 (3.2)

    

Maternal characteristics

         

Maternal education, n (%)

         

No education

973 (26.2)

69 (39.7)

<0.001

689 (20.9)

33 (26.6)

0.003

284 (68.8)

36 (72.0)

0.735

Primary

1177 (31.7)

59 (33.9)

 

1150 (34.8)

55 (44.4)

 

27 (6.5)

4 (8.0)

 

Secondary

1566 (42.1)

46 (26.4)

 

1464 (44.3)

36 (29.0)

 

102 (24.7)

10 (20.0)

 

Maternal reading ability, n (%)

         

Unable to read

1129 (30.4)

77 (44.3)

<0.001

839 (25.4)

39 (31.5)

0.092

290 (70.2)

38 (76.0)

0.688

Reads with difficulty

675 (18.2)

34 (19.5)

 

647 (19.6)

31 (25.0)

 

28 (6.8)

3 (6.0)

 

Reads with ease

1908 (51.4)

63 (36.2)

 

1813 (54.9)

54 (43.6)

 

95 (23.0)

9 (18.0)

 

Missing

4 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

4 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Maternal age in years, n (%)

         

<20

859 (23.1)

45 (25.9)

0.086

782 (23.7)

33 (26.6)

0.039

77 (18.6)

12 (24.0)

0.449

20–29

2242 (60.3)

90 (51.7)

 

2004 (60.7)

60 (48.4)

 

238 (57.6)

30 (60.0)

 

30–39

555 (14.9)

36 (20.7)

 

485 (14.7)

29 (23.4)

 

70 (17.0)

7 (14.0)

 

40+

37 (1.0)

3 (1.7)

 

31 (0.9)

2 (1.6)

 

6 (1.5)

1 (2.0)

 

Missing

23 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

 

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

22 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

 

Household assets, n (%)

         

All

1367 (36.8)

43 (24.7)

<0.001

1289 (39.0)

34 (27.4)

<0.001

78 (18.9)

9 (18.0)

0.351

Some

1173 (31.6)

51 (29.3)

 

918 (27.8)

24 (19.4)

 

255 (61.7)

27 (54.0)

 

None

1176 (31.7)

80 (46.0)

 

1096 (33.2)

66 (53.2)

 

80 (19.4)

14 (28.0)

 

Parity, n (%)

         

1

1807 (48.6)

68 (39.1)

<0.001

1618 (49.0)

49 (39.5)

<0.001

189 (45.8)

19 (38.0)

0.324

2

798 (21.5)

34 (19.5)

 

717 (21.7)

24 (19.4)

 

81 (19.6)

10 (20.0)

 

3

476 (12.8)

30 (17.2)

 

434 (13.1)

20 (16.1)

 

42 (10.2)

10 (20.0)

 

4

275 (7.4)

11 (6.3)

 

246 (7.5)

7 (5.7)

 

29 (7.0)

4 (8.0)

 

5

173 (4.7)

9 (5.2)

 

148 (4.5)

8 (6.5)

 

25 (6.1)

1 (2.0)

 

6

187 (5.0)

22 (12.6)

 

140 (4.2)

16 (12.9)

 

47 (11.4)

6 (12.0)

 

Antenatal period

         

Number of antenatal care visits, n (%)

         

0

1007 (27.1)

48 (27.6)

0.672

868 (26.3)

34 (27.4)

0.922

139 (33.7)

14 (28.0)

0.227

1

719 (19.4)

42 (24.1)

 

658 (19.9)

28 (22.6)

 

61 (14.8)

14 (28.0)

 

2

672 (18.1)

27 (15.5)

 

605 (18.3)

19 (15.3)

 

67 (16.2)

8 (16.0)

 

3

543 (14.6)

23 (13.2)

 

481 (14.6)

19 (15.3)

 

62 (15.0)

4 (8.0)

 

4

769 (20.7)

34 (19.5)

 

686 (20.8)

24 (19.4)

 

83 (20.1)

10 (20.0)

 

Missing

6 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

5 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

Bleeding during pregnancy, n (%)

         

No

3545 (95.4)

165 (94.8)

0.886

3142 (95.1)

115 (92.7)

0.449

403 (97.6)

50 (100.0)

0.266

Yes

169 (4.6)

9 (5.2)

 

159 (4.8)

9 (7.3)

 

10 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

 

Missing

2 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

2 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Delivery period

         

Preterm birth, n (%)

         

Baby born at term

3271 (88.0)

145 (83.3)

0.174

2955 (89.5)

110 (88.7)

0.846

316 (76.6)

35 (70.0)

0.595

Baby born less than 9 months gestation

433 (11.7)

28 (16.1)

 

342 (10.4)

14 (11.3)

 

91 (22.0)

14 (28.0)

 

Missing

12 (0.3)

1 (0.6)

 

6 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

 

6 (1.5)

1 (2.0)

 

Baby delivered by skilled attendant, n (%)c

         

No

2574 (69.3)

113 (64.9)

0.346

2282 (69.1)

85 (68.6)

0.799

292 (70.7)

28 (56.0)

0.034

Yes

1131 (30.4)

61 (35.1)

 

1010 (30.6)

39 (31.5)

 

121 (29.3)

22 (44.0)

 

Missing

11 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

 

11 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Institutional delivery, n (%)

         

No

2708 (72.9)

119 (68.4)

0.392

2399 (72.6)

89 (71.8)

0.921

309 (74.8)

30 (60.0)

0.025

Yes

1005 (27.1)

55 (31.6)

 

901 (27.3)

35 (28.2)

 

104 (25.2)

20 (40.0)

 

Missing

3 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

3 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Excessive bleeding during delivery, n (%)

         

No

3578 (96.3)

151 (86.8)

<0.001

3187 (96.5)

116 (93.6)

0.085

391 (94.7)

35 (70.0)

<0.001

Yes

138 (3.7)

23 (13.2)

 

116 (3.5)

8 (6.5)

 

22 (5.3)

15 (30.0)

 

Malpresentation at birth, n (%)

         

No

3171 (85.3)

144 (82.8)

0.336

2798 (84.7)

104 (83.9)

0.326

373 (90.3)

40 (80.0)

0.085

Yes

291 (7.8)

19 (10.9)

 

271 (8.2)

14 (11.3)

 

20 (4.8)

5 (10.0)

 

Missing

254 (6.8)

11 (6.3)

 

234 (7.1)

6 (4.8)

 

20 (4.8)

5 (10.0)

 

Type of delivery, n (%)

         

Normal, vaginal

3378 (90.9)

159 (91.4)

0.858

2979 (90.2)

114 (91.9)

0.474

399 (96.6)

45 (90.0)

0.067

Vaginal, assisted

88 (2.4)

3 (1.7)

 

84 (2.5)

1 (0.8)

 

4 (1.0)

2 (4.0)

 

Caesarean

250 (6.7)

12 (6.9)

 

240 (7.3)

9 (7.3)

 

10 (2.4)

3 (6.0)

 
  1. ap value obtain through the use of a chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test.
  2. bNot applicable: data were not collected in the study.
  3. cDoctor, nurse, or trained midwife.
  4. na, not available.
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