Table 2 Characteristics of infants with asphyxia and infants with both asphyxia and prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) in Bangladesh

Newborn health

Early neonatal death, n (%)

No

2792 (83.3)

2107 (84.2)

685 (80.8)

0.020

Yes

558 (16.7)

395 (15.8)

163 (19.2)

Signs of maternal infection

Fever up to three days prior to delivery, n (%)

No

3230 (96.4)

2420 (96.7)

810 (95.5)

0.103

Yes

120 (3.6)

82 (3.3)

38 (4.5)

Missing

Vaginal smell up to three days prior to delivery, n (%)

No

2570 (76.7)

1945 (77.7)

625 (73.7)

<0.001

Yes

109 (3.3)

52 (2.1)

57 (6.7)

Missing

671 (20.0)

505 (20.2)

166 (19.6)

Maternal characteristics

Maternal education, n (%)

No education

711 (21.2)

525 (21.0)

186 (21.9)

0.436

Primary

1179 (35.2)

896 (35.8)

283 (33.4)

Secondary

1460 (43.6)

1081 (43.2)

379 (44.7)

Maternal reading ability, n (%)

Unable to read

862 (25.7)

632 (25.3)

230 (27.1)

0.038

Reads with difficulty

667 (19.9)

525 (21.0)

142 (16.8)

Reads with ease

1817 (54.2)

1343 (53.7)

474 (55.9)

Missing

4 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

2 (0.2)

Maternal age in years, n (%)

<20

797 (23.8)

625 (25.0)

172 (20.3)

0.074

20–29

2014 (60.1)

1482 (59.2)

532 (62.7)

30–39

506 (15.1)

369 (14.8)

137 (16.2)

40+

32 (1.0)

25(1.0)

7 (0.8)

Missing

1 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Household assets, n (%)

All

1288 (38.5)

954 (38.1)

334 (39.4)

0.552

Some

917 (27.4)

697 (27.9)

220 (25.9)

None

1145 (34.2)

851 (34.0)

294 (34.7)

Parity, n (%)

1

1623 (48.5)

1194 (47.7)

429 (50.6)

0.580

2

724 (21.6)

551 (22.0)

173 (20.4)

3

445 (13.3)

331 (13.2)

114 (13.4)

4

251 (7.5)

195 (7.8)

56 (6.6)

5

154 (4.6)

119 (4.8)

35 (4.1)

0.580

6

153 (4.6)

112 (4.5)

41 (4.8)

Antenatal period

Number of antenatal care visits, n (%)

0

882 (26.3)

688 (27.5)

194 (22.9)

0.067

1

674 (20.1)

507 (20.3)

167 (19.7)

2

614 (18.3)

453 (18.1)

161 (19.0)

3

486 (14.5)

360 (14.4)

126 (14.9)

4

689 (20.6)

490 (19.6)

199 (23.5)

Missing

5 (0.2)

4 (0.2)

1 (0.l)

Bleeding during pregnancy, n (%)

No

3182 (95.0)

2401 (96.0)

781 (92.1)

<0.001

Yes

166 (5.0)

100 (4.0)

66 (7.8)

Missing

2 (0.1)

1 (0.0)

1 (0.1)

Delivery period

Preterm birth, n (%)

Baby born at term

3004 (89.7)

2250 (89.9)

754 (88.9)

0.565

Baby born after less than 9 months gestation

341 (10.2)

249 (10.0)

92 (10.9)

Missing

5 (0.2)

3 (0.1)

2 (0.2)

Baby delivered by skilled delivery attendant, n (%)^b

Yes

2338 (69.8)

1814 (72.5)

524 (61.8)

<0.001

No

1002 (29.9)

681 (27.2)

321 (37.9)

Missing

10 (0.3)

7 (0.3)

3 (0.4)

Institutional delivery, n (%)

Yes

2458 (73.4)

1901 (76.0)

557 (65.7)

<0.001

No

889 (26.5)

598 (23.9)

291 (34.3)

Missing

3 (0.1)

3 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

Excessive bleeding during delivery, n (%)

No

3234 (96.5)

2425 (96.9)

809 (95.4)

0.036

Yes

116 (3.5)

77 (3.1)

39 (4.6)

Malpresentation at birth

No

2858 (85.3)

2162 (86.4)

696 (82.1)

0.001

Yes

279 (8.3)

202 (8.1)

77 (9.1)

Missing

213 (6.4)

138 (5.5)

75 (8.8)

Type of delivery

Normal, vaginal

3043 (90.8)

2302 (92.0)

741 (87.4)

<0.001

Vaginal, assisted

83 (2.5)

59 (2.4)

24 (2.8)

Caesarean

224 (6.7)

141 (5.6)

83 (9.8)