Table 2 Characteristics of infants with asphyxia and infants with both asphyxia and prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) in Bangladesh
Factors Associated with maternal infection | Bangladesh | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (n = 3350) | Asphyxia alone (n = 2502) | Asphyxia and PROM (n = 848) | p valuea | |
Newborn health | ||||
Early neonatal death, n (%) | ||||
No | 2792 (83.3) | 2107 (84.2) | 685 (80.8) | 0.020 |
Yes | 558 (16.7) | 395 (15.8) | 163 (19.2) | |
Signs of maternal infection | ||||
Fever up to three days prior to delivery, n (%) | ||||
No | 3230 (96.4) | 2420 (96.7) | 810 (95.5) | 0.103 |
Yes | 120 (3.6) | 82 (3.3) | 38 (4.5) | |
Missing | ||||
Vaginal smell up to three days prior to delivery, n (%) | ||||
No | 2570 (76.7) | 1945 (77.7) | 625 (73.7) | <0.001 |
Yes | 109 (3.3) | 52 (2.1) | 57 (6.7) | |
Missing | 671 (20.0) | 505 (20.2) | 166 (19.6) | |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Maternal education, n (%) | ||||
No education | 711 (21.2) | 525 (21.0) | 186 (21.9) | 0.436 |
Primary | 1179 (35.2) | 896 (35.8) | 283 (33.4) | |
Secondary | 1460 (43.6) | 1081 (43.2) | 379 (44.7) | |
Maternal reading ability, n (%) | ||||
Unable to read | 862 (25.7) | 632 (25.3) | 230 (27.1) | 0.038 |
Reads with difficulty | 667 (19.9) | 525 (21.0) | 142 (16.8) | |
Reads with ease | 1817 (54.2) | 1343 (53.7) | 474 (55.9) | |
Missing | 4 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | |
Maternal age in years, n (%) | ||||
<20 | 797 (23.8) | 625 (25.0) | 172 (20.3) | 0.074 |
20–29 | 2014 (60.1) | 1482 (59.2) | 532 (62.7) | |
30–39 | 506 (15.1) | 369 (14.8) | 137 (16.2) | |
40+ | 32 (1.0) | 25(1.0) | 7 (0.8) | |
Missing | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Household assets, n (%) | ||||
All | 1288 (38.5) | 954 (38.1) | 334 (39.4) | 0.552 |
Some | 917 (27.4) | 697 (27.9) | 220 (25.9) | |
None | 1145 (34.2) | 851 (34.0) | 294 (34.7) | |
Parity, n (%) | ||||
1 | 1623 (48.5) | 1194 (47.7) | 429 (50.6) | 0.580 |
2 | 724 (21.6) | 551 (22.0) | 173 (20.4) | |
3 | 445 (13.3) | 331 (13.2) | 114 (13.4) | |
4 | 251 (7.5) | 195 (7.8) | 56 (6.6) | |
5 | 154 (4.6) | 119 (4.8) | 35 (4.1) | 0.580 |
6 | 153 (4.6) | 112 (4.5) | 41 (4.8) | |
Antenatal period | ||||
Number of antenatal care visits, n (%) | ||||
0 | 882 (26.3) | 688 (27.5) | 194 (22.9) | 0.067 |
1 | 674 (20.1) | 507 (20.3) | 167 (19.7) | |
2 | 614 (18.3) | 453 (18.1) | 161 (19.0) | |
3 | 486 (14.5) | 360 (14.4) | 126 (14.9) | |
4 | 689 (20.6) | 490 (19.6) | 199 (23.5) | |
Missing | 5 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.l) | |
Bleeding during pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
No | 3182 (95.0) | 2401 (96.0) | 781 (92.1) | <0.001 |
Yes | 166 (5.0) | 100 (4.0) | 66 (7.8) | |
Missing | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | |
Delivery period | ||||
Preterm birth, n (%) | ||||
Baby born at term | 3004 (89.7) | 2250 (89.9) | 754 (88.9) | 0.565 |
Baby born after less than 9 months gestation | 341 (10.2) | 249 (10.0) | 92 (10.9) | |
Missing | 5 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | |
Baby delivered by skilled delivery attendant, n (%)b | ||||
Yes | 2338 (69.8) | 1814 (72.5) | 524 (61.8) | <0.001 |
No | 1002 (29.9) | 681 (27.2) | 321 (37.9) | |
Missing | 10 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | |
Institutional delivery, n (%) | ||||
Yes | 2458 (73.4) | 1901 (76.0) | 557 (65.7) | <0.001 |
No | 889 (26.5) | 598 (23.9) | 291 (34.3) | |
Missing | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
Excessive bleeding during delivery, n (%) | ||||
No | 3234 (96.5) | 2425 (96.9) | 809 (95.4) | 0.036 |
Yes | 116 (3.5) | 77 (3.1) | 39 (4.6) | |
Malpresentation at birth | ||||
No | 2858 (85.3) | 2162 (86.4) | 696 (82.1) | 0.001 |
Yes | 279 (8.3) | 202 (8.1) | 77 (9.1) | |
Missing | 213 (6.4) | 138 (5.5) | 75 (8.8) | |
Type of delivery | ||||
Normal, vaginal | 3043 (90.8) | 2302 (92.0) | 741 (87.4) | <0.001 |
Vaginal, assisted | 83 (2.5) | 59 (2.4) | 24 (2.8) | |
Caesarean | 224 (6.7) | 141 (5.6) | 83 (9.8) | |