Table 5 Other implications of expressing
Author, year, country | Design | Location, participants, year of study and recruitment | Study aims and outcome measures | Results | Strengths/Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clemons & Amir 2010 Australia [5] | Cross sectional | State-wide study, Victoria | - Prevalence of breast milk expression | - 17% (126/737) experienced nipple pain associated with pump use | Large study |
n = 903 | - Demographic characteristics of women who express, why and how they do it | Possible selection bias (members of ABA) | |||
2008 | - Women’s experience of using breast pumps | Timing of questionnaire, possible recall bias | |||
Online questionnaire sent to Australian Breastfeeding Association (ABA) members who had an email address | Â | ||||
Baby any age | Â | Â | Â | ||
Li et al. 2010 USA [49] | Longitudinal cohort | National study | - Test infant ability to self-regulate intake – compare active sucking (breastfeeding) with passive feeding (EBM via bottle) | - Infants bottle fed early more likely to empty bottle/cup in late infancy | Large national longitudinal study Minimal reporting bias for exposure and outcome – 7 day retrospective recall |
n = 1597 | - Complete empting of bottle or cup in late infancy used to indicate self-regulation | - bottle a totally different feeding mode | Multivariate analysis | ||
2005–2007 |  |  | Maternal report of feeding behaviour/bottle emptying - reporting error possible | ||
from IFPS II | Â | Â | Â | ||
Li et al. 2012[50] | Longitudinal cohort | USA | - Multi level analysis to estimate weight gain X type of milk & feeding mode at 3,5, 7.and 12 | - Among infants fed only breast milk, Breast milk fed infants gained 780g per month in the first year compared with breastfed infants who gained 729g | Large national longitudinal study Minimal reporting bias for exposure and outcome – 7 day retrospective recall |
n = 1899 | Â | - Possible association between bottle feeding EBM and increased weight gain | Â | ||
IFPS II | Â | Â | Â | ||
2005-2007 | Â | Â | Â | ||
Geraghty et al. 2012 USA [28] | Retrospective cohort | Cincinnati, Ohio | - Examination of methods of maternal expression and infant consumption of breast milk | - All expressed, all babies fed some expressed milk | Limited other exploration of this area |
n = 40 | Â | 95% (38/40) infants breastfed and EBM | Small size | ||
2008 | Â | 37% (15/40) fed EBM same day | Retrospective data collection | ||
Outpatients attending breastfeeding clinic, recruited by mail | Â | 30% (12/40) fed EBM same week | Possible recall bias | ||
| Â | Â | 25% (8/40) fed EBM 1 and 4Â weeks later | Â | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 13% (5/40) fed EBM more than 4Â weeks later | Â |