Chapman et al. 2001 USA [45]
|
RCT
|
Hartford, Connecticut
|
Effects of expressing before the onset of lactation :
|
- No significant difference in milk transfer or breastfeeding duration between women who expressed breast milk and those who did not.
|
Only women who had a caesarean section
|
n = 60
|
- on early milk transfer
|
- Primiparous women in pumping group breastfed for 5 months less than those in control group but this finding was not statistically significant.
|
Study underpowered for primiparous women
|
1997–1998
|
- on subsequent breastfeeding duration
| | |
Convenience sample 8–24 hours post Caesarean Section
| | | |
Schwartz et al. 2002 USA [42]
|
Prospective cohort
|
Detroit, Ann Arbor and Southfield, Michigan and Omaha, Nebraska
|
- Determine demographic, behavioural and clinical factors associated with weaning from breast in the first 12 weeks
|
- Michigan women (n = 711) who expressed breast milk were 3 times more likely to wean than those who didn’t (Hazard Ratio: 3.0 95% CI 1.3,6.7)
|
Large study
|
n = 946
| |
- Nebraska women (n = 235) showed no association between pumping and weaning (HR: 0.6, 95% CI 0.3,1.5)
|
Only measured to 12 weeks
|
1994–1998
| | |
Non-representative sample
|
Recruitment:
| | |
Michigan group were recruited from an alternative birthing centre and were significantly more likely to be older than 30 years, have a bachelor’s degree, have 3 or more children and have had a vaginal birth
|
Michigan - at birth centre orientation
| | | |
Nebraska - on maternity leave application to large company
| | | |
Ortiz 2004 USA [37]
|
Clinical audit
|
Burbank, California
|
- Duration of breast milk feeding related to a range of employee chosen lactation support options
|
- 98% (452/ 462) breastfeeding initiation
|
Large study over 4.5 years
|
n = 462
|
- 74% (246/332) expressed milk until infant at least 6 months
|
Limited differentiation between breastfeeding and expressing / breast milk feeding
|
1993–1999
|
- 24% (81/332) expressed milk until infant at least 12 months
|
No information re any other infant feeding/exclusivity of breast milk feeding
|
Antenatal recruitment in workplace
|
- Mean age of infants at maternal cessation of pumping at work 6.3 months
|
No consideration of options in the workplace to breastfeed at the breast
|
Geraghty et al. 2005 USA [1]
|
Retrospective cohort
|
Cincinnati, Ohio
|
Measure breast pump use
|
Of breast milk feeding mothers:
|
Large sample size
|
n = 346
|
Identify relationships between breast pump use and:
|
- 10% (24/346) breastfed exclusively for a minimum of 6 months
|
Breastfeeding / breast milk feeding clearly differentiated
|
2002
|
- singleton vs. multiple pregnancy
|
- 16% (55/346) breastfed exclusively for duration of their breast milk feeding
|
Periodic reports re. proportion of expressing versus breastfeeding (at 1 day, 3 days, 2 weeks and monthly until 6 months)
|
Random selection Postal recruitment when infants were between 2 and 3 years old
|
- gestation at birth
|
- 77% (182/236) expressed at some time in first 6 months
|
Retrospective data, possible recall bias as participants were recruited 2 or more years post birth
|
|
- breastfeeding outcomes
|
- 59% (140/236 ) ceased breast milk feeding by 6 months
| |
| |
Of the 140 women who had ceased breast milk feeding by 6 months, at the time point just prior to exclusive formula feeding:
| |
| |
- 76% (106/140) were either expressing exclusively or combining expressing with breastfeeding
| |
| |
- 24% (34/140) were breastfeeding
| |
| |
Early breastfeeding associated with a longer duration of breast milk feeding
| |
Win et al. 2006 Australia [55]
|
Prospective cohort
|
Perth, Western Australia
|
- Investigate association between breast milk expression and breastfeeding duration
|
- Mothers who expressed at least once more likely to be breastfeeding at 6 months (RR: 0.71, 95% CI 0.52,0.98)
|
Prospective design assisting recall
|
PIFS II
| | |
Ever “expressed” / “any” breastfeeding
|
n = 587
| | |
? lower socio economic bias
|
2002–03
| | |
No account of frequency of expressing
|
Recruited in hospital at birth.
| | | |
Meehan et al. 2008 USA [43]
|
Quasi-experimental
|
Los Angeles, California
|
- Evaluation of program to facilitate breastfeeding for low income mothers
|
- Electric pump loan associated with more breastfeeding at 6 months. Mothers loaned a breast pump 5.5 times more likely to than those who hadn’t received one to not have requested formula by 6 months
|
Limited reliability of proxy measurement to assess breast milk feeding prevalence or duration
|
n = 208
|
- Maternal request for formula from WIC program used as proxy measurement to give indication of partial breastfeeding
|
(OR: 5.5, 95% CI 2.0,15.1)
|
No differentiation between breastfeeding and breast milk feeding
|
2001
| | | |
Breast pump loan program for low income Women with Children (WIC) recipients
| | | |
Fein 2008 USA [41]
|
Prospective cohort
|
National
|
- Examine strategies used to combine work and breastfeeding
|
Median duration of breast milk feeding associated with workplace practices:
|
Large National study
|
n = 810
|
- Identify strategies associated with enhanced breastfeeding intensity/longer duration
| |
Prospective design
|
2005–2007
| |
- expressing and breastfeeding (32.4 weeks) (n = 75)
|
Questionnaire design with 7 day recall
|
from IFPS II
| |
- breastfeed at the breast only (31.4 weeks) (n = 250)
|
No description of feeding method away from workplace
|
Recruitment via postal questionnaire in late pregnancy
| |
- expressing only (26.3 weeks) (n = 75)
|
Older, less educated, low income and women from racial/ethnic minority groups underrepresented
|
| |
- neither breastfeeding or expressing (14.3 weeks) (n = 128)
| |
Clemons & Amir 2010 Australia [5]
|
Cross-sectional
|
State-wide, Victoria
|
- Prevalence of breast milk expression
|
- 27% (218/903) indicated that expressing had allowed them to breastfeed for longer
|
Large study
|
n = 903
|
- Demographic characteristics of women who express, why and how they do it
| |
Possible selection bias (members of ABA)
|
2008
|
- Women’s experience of using breast pumps
| |
Timing of questionnaire, possible recall bias
|
online questionnaire
| | | |
ABA members with internet addresses
| | | |
Dabritz et al. 2010 USA [56]
|
Retrospective cohort
|
Yolo County, California
|
- Assess relationship between maternal experience in hospital and any breastfeeding at six months
|
- Almost exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months associated with not using a breast pump in hospital 77% (93/121) compared to 21% (25/121) who did use a pump in hospital (OR: 0.6 95% CI 0.3,1.0)
|
Differentiation between breastfeeding and breast milk feeding unclear
|
n = 382
| | | |
2006–07
| | |
Possible recall bias - interviews 6–9 months after birth
|
Recruited in community after birth - 8 months
| | | |
Hornbeak et al. 2010 Singapore [6]
|
Retrospective cohort
|
Singapore
|
- Record prevalence and patterns of breastfeeding in Singaporean Chinese mothers
|
- Breast milk feeding initiation and duration increased over time and were independently associated with higher maternal education, increased milk expression and complementary feeding
|
Large representative sample of Chinese Singaporean mothers
|
n = 3009
| |
Changes between 2000–01 and 2006–08:
|
Possible recall bias - recruitment 6–72 months after birth
|
2006–2008
| |
Infant formula feeding 31% (66/210) to 18% (118/656)
|
Gestational age not indicated
|
Recruited mothers of 6–72 month Chinese Singaporean children through STARS
| |
Breast milk feed initiation 69% (144/210) to 82% (538/656)
| |
Mailed invitation
| |
Expressed breast milk 9% (18/210) to 18% (118/656)
| |
| |
Combination feeding 26% (54/210) to 41% (269/656)
| |
Geraghty et al. 2012 USA [29]
|
Prospective cohort
|
Cincinnati, Ohio
|
- Determine who expresses their milk by end of 4 weeks and how long they continue feeding
|
- Milk expression common in first month postpartum
|
Prospective design
|
n = 60
| |
- Milk expression by 4 weeks did not significantly influence duration of breast milk feeding
|
Clear differentiation between breastfeeding and breast milk feeding
|
2004–2007
| | |
Recruitment of women who planned to breastfeed for 6 months or more
|
Participants enrolled in a research human milk bank recruited at home in first week postpartum
| | |
Mothers recruited for study knew they were going to be assisted to pump and may have been more likely to be comfortable with this.
|
| | | | |
Possible introduction of bias as weekly collection of breast milk was initiated at 1 week by research nurse using an electric breast pump
|