| |
Age groups
|
|---|
| |
All teenagers
|
< 16 years
|
16-17 years
|
18-19 years
|
|---|
|
Characteristics
|
Crude
|
Adjusted†
|
Crude
|
Adjusted†
|
Crude
|
Adjusted†
|
Crude
|
Adjusted†
|
|---|
|
Spontaneous onset delivery
|
1.23 (1.19-1.27)
|
1.17 (1.13-1.21)
|
1.00 (0.78-1.28)
|
0.92 (0.72-1.18)
|
1.27 (1.17-1.38)
|
1.18 (1.09-1.28)
|
1.22 (1.17-1.27)
|
1.17 (1.13-1.22)
|
|
Induced delivery
|
0.90 (0.86-0.93)
|
0.92 (0.88-0.96)
|
0.93 (0.68-1.29)
|
0.95 (0.69-1.32)
|
0.86 (0.78-0.95)
|
0.91 (0.82-1.00)
|
0.90 (0.86-0.95)
|
0.92 (0.88-0.97)
|
|
Normal vaginal delivery
|
1.29 (1.25-1.33)
|
1.70 (1.64-1.75)
|
1.18 (0.92-1.51)
|
1.61 (1.26-2.06)
|
1.34 (1.25-1.45)
|
1.80 (1.66-1.94)
|
1.28 (1.23-1.33)
|
1.67 (1.61-1.74)
|
|
Forceps
|
0.88 (0.73-1.06)
|
0.56 (0.46-0.68)
|
0.99 (0.25-3.98)
|
0.67 (0.17-2.68)
|
0.57 (0.33-0.98)
|
0.34 (0.19-0.60)
|
0.95 (0.78-1.17)
|
0.61 (0.50-0.76)
|
|
Vacuum extraction
|
0.91 (0.87-0.95)
|
0.59 (0.56-0.62)
|
0.86 (0.59-1.25)
|
0.50 (0.34-0.74)
|
0.88 (0.78-0.98)
|
0.54 (0.49-0.61)
|
0.92 (0.87-0.97)
|
0.60 (0.57-0.63)
|
|
CS, all
|
0.71 (0.69-0.75)
|
0.61 (0.58-0.64)
|
0.85 (0.63-1.16)
|
0.65 (0.47-0.88)
|
0.70 (0.63-0.77)
|
0.58 (0.52-0.64)
|
0.72 (0.68-0.75)
|
0.61 (0.58-0.64)
|
|
CS elective 1999-2010‡
|
0.55 (0.50-0.61)
|
0.57 (0.51-0.63)
|
1.74 (1.11-2.73)
|
1.54 (0.96-2.48)
|
0.52 (0.41-0.66)
|
0.52 (0.41-0.67)
|
0.54 (0.48-0.60)
|
0.56 (0.50-0.63)
|
|
CS acute 1999-2010‡
|
0.79 (0.73-0.84)
|
0.62 (0.58-0.67)
|
0.73 (0.42-1.27)
|
0.47 (0.27-0.83)
|
0.83 (0.72-1.07)
|
0.64 (0.55-0.75)
|
0.78 (0.72-0.84)
|
0.62 (0.57-0.67)
|
|
GA < 28 weeks
|
1.93 (1.57-2.37)
|
1.61 (1.31-2.00)
|
4.86 (1.81-13.01)
|
4.44 (1.66-11.92)
|
2.65 (1.78-3.93)
|
2.23 (1.48-3.35)
|
1.71 (1.35-2.17)
|
1.42 (1.11-1.83)
|
|
GA < 32 weeks
|
1.61 (1.43-1.81)
|
1.37 (1.21-1.55)
|
2.46 (1.17-5.20)
|
2.25 (1.06-4.74)
|
2.25 (1.78-2.84)
|
1.90 (1.50-2.41)
|
1.46 (1.26-1.66)
|
1.24 (1.07-1.43)
|
|
GA < 37 weeks
|
1.33 (1.27-1.40)
|
1.14 (1.08-1.20)
|
2.57 (1.94-3.42)
|
2.15 (1.60-2.87)
|
1.53 (1.38-1.70)
|
1.28 (1.15-1.42)
|
1.26 (1.20-1.33)
|
1.09 (1.03-1.15)
|
|
GA 37 – 41 weeks
|
0.91 (0.88-0.95)
|
1.03 (0.99 -1.06)
|
0.62 (0.49-0.79)
|
0.71 (0.55-0.90)
|
0.83 (0.77-0.89)
|
0.93 (0.86-1.01)
|
0.94 (0.91-0.98)
|
1.06 (1.02-1.10)
|
|
GA ≥42 weeks
|
0.92 (0.88-0.97)
|
0.85 (0.81-0.89)
|
0.87 (0.60-1.27)
|
0.84 (0.57-1.22)
|
0.96 (0.87-1.07)
|
0.91 (0.81-1.01)
|
0.91 (0.87-0.96)
|
0.84 (0.80-0.89)
|
|
Epidural analgesia¥
|
1.76 (1.72-1.81)
|
1.08 (1.05-1.11)
|
1.80 (1.49-2.18)
|
1.00 (0.82-1.22)
|
1.91 (1.81-2.02)
|
1.10 (1.03-1.16)
|
1.73 (1.68-1.78)
|
1.08 (1.05-1.11)
|
|
Perineal rupture grade 1-2¥
|
0.60 (0.58-0.62)
|
0.52 (0.50-0.54)
|
0.66 (0.51-0.86)
|
0.48 (0.37-0.64)
|
0.56 (0.52-0.61)
|
0.47 (0.43-0.52)
|
0.61 (0.58-0.63)
|
0.53 (0.51-0.55)
|
|
Perineal rupture grade 3-4¥
|
0.57 (0.51-0.64)
|
0.43 (0.38-0.49)
|
0.52 (0.19-1.39)
|
0.34 (0.13-0.91)
|
0.62 (0.47-0.81)
|
0.45 (0.34-0.59)
|
0.56 (0.49-0.64)
|
0.43 (0.37-0.49)
|
|
Preeclampsia
|
1.12 (1.03-1,23)
|
0.94 (0.86-1.03)
|
1.64 (0.93-2.91)
|
1.23 (0.67-2.25)
|
1.06 (0.86-1.31)
|
0.92 (0.74-1.14)
|
1.13 (1.02-1.24)
|
0.94 (0.85-1.04)
|
|
Abruptio placentae
|
1.31 (1.11-1.55)
|
1.19 (0.99-1.41)
|
0.57 (0.08-4.05)
|
0.59 (0.08-4.17)
|
1.46 (1.01-2.10)
|
1.34 (0.93-1.94)
|
1.29 (1.07-1.56)
|
1.17 (0.96-1.41)
|
|
Placenta praevia
|
0.34 (0.21-0.55)
|
0.37 (0.23-0.59)
|
2.53 (0.63-10.15)
|
2.72 (0.68-10.93)
|
0.11 (0.02-0.79)
|
0.12 (0.02-0.83)
|
0.35 (0.21-0.60)
|
0.38 (0.22-0.64)
|
|
PPH > 1000 ml (VD)
|
0.73 (0.67-0.79)
|
0.70 (0.64-0.76)
|
0.70 (0.37-1.31)
|
0.61 (0.33-1.15)
|
0.76 (0.63-0.91)
|
0.71 (0.60-0.85)
|
0.72 (0.66-0.79)
|
0.70 (0.64-0.76)
|
|
PPH > 1000 ml (CS)
|
0.93 (0.63-1.36)
|
0.98 (0.66-1.44)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
1.74 (0.90-3.38)
|
1.71 (0.88-3.33)
|
0.77 (0.48-1.23)
|
0.75 (0.47-1.20)
|
- Figures denote odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Reference group: Maternal age 20-30 years.
- CS = Caesarean section; GA = gestational age at delivery; N/A = not applicable; PPH = postpartum haemorrhage; VD = vaginal delivery.
-
† Adjusted for BMI and smoking habits at first antenatal care visit, parity and year of delivery. CS and preeclampsia also adjusted for gestational age.
-
‡ Caesarean section was subdivided into elective and acute CS from 1999.
- ¥ Epidural analgesia and perineal rupture among vaginal delivered women.
