Quintile of total maternal vitamin D in pregnancy1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
(n=8965) | (n=8965) | (n=8965) | (n=8965) | (n=8965) | |
Total Vitamin D (μg/day) | |||||
Median | 5.5 | 8.2 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 16.5 |
5%-95%ile | 1.8-7.1 | 7.3-9.4 | 9.9-12.3 | 12.4-14.0 | 14.2-27.4 |
Vitamin D from supplement (μg/day) | |||||
Median | 0 | 5.0 | 7.1 | 10.0 | 15.0 |
Vitamin D from diet (μg/day) | |||||
Median | 1.8 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.9 |
Maternal age in years (mean±SD) 2 | |||||
<=20 (19.2±1.0) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
20-25 (23.7±1.3) | 19 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 16 |
25-30 (28.0±1.4) | 44 | 45 | 46 | 45 | 46 |
30-35 (32.7±1.4) | 28 | 30 | 25 | 26 | 29 |
>35 (37.6±1.7) | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Parity | |||||
Nulliparous | 49 | 52 | 59 | 58 | 63 |
Socioeconomic position | |||||
High level proficiencies | 22 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 27 |
Medium level proficiencies | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
Skilled | 28 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 25 |
Unskilled | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 11 |
Students | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
Unemployed | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI in kg/m 2 (mean±SD) | |||||
<=18.5 (17.8±0.7) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
18.6-24.9 (21.7±1.7) | 67 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 70 |
25-29.9 (27.0±1.4) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 18 |
>=30 (33.7±4.1) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 |
Breastfeeding duration | |||||
No breastfeeding | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
0-1 months | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 |
2-3 months | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
4-6 months | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 |
>=7 months | 59 | 61 | 57 | 58 | 60 |
Smoking in pregnancy | |||||
Nonsmoker | 75 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 77 |
Occasional smoker | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
Current smoker | 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 10 |
Second-hand smoking | |||||
Yes | 46 | 46 | 45 | 47 | 44 |
Partner smoking | |||||
Yes | 29 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 28 |
Physical activity in min/week (mean±SD) | |||||
0 (0±0) | 64 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 57 |
1-44 (29±7) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
45-74 (57±7) | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
75-149 (105±19) | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
>=150(265±162) | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 14 |
Outdoor activity in min/week (mean±SD) | |||||
0 (0±0) | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 |
1-59 (35±11) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
60-119 (79±17) | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
>=120 (237±168) | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
Maternal asthma | |||||
Yes | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
Maternal allergy | |||||
Yes | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 |
Paternal asthma | |||||
Yes | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Paternal allergy | |||||
Yes | 24 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 26 |
Season of LMP | |||||
Winter | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 27 |
Spring | 25 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 24 |
Summer | 21 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 23 |
Fall | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 26 |
Total solarium use in pregnancy in weeks (mean±SD) | |||||
0 (0±0) | 76 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 72 |
1-3 (1.5±0.7) | 14 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 16 |
4-20 (9.7±4.8) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 |
21-40 (30.3±4.0) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Child sex (male) | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 |
Gestational weight gain (g/week) | 469(214) | 468(211) | 473(215) | 474(213) | 473(208) |
Gestational age (days) | 280(13) | 280(13) | 280(12) | 280(13) | 280(13) |
Birth weight (g) | 3,584(571) | 3,598(571) | 3,578(564) | 3,572(567) | 3,557(578) |
Maternal food and nutrient intake | |||||
Fruit intake (g/day)3 | 325(275) | 319(255) | 346(294) | 332(265) | 344(260) |
Vegetables intake (g/day)3 | 125(98) | 129(95) | 130(98) | 130(93) | 148(106) |
Energy (kJ/day) | 10,073(2,683) | 10,257(2,613) | 9,919(2,637) | 10,226(2,703) | 9,727(2,663) |
Alcohol (g/day) | 1.6(2.3) | 1.6(2.4) | 1.5(2.1) | 1.5(2.0) | 1.6(2.3) |
Total folate (μg/day) | 466(188) | 567(215) | 680(162) | 726(148) | 758(224) |
Total calcium (mg/day) | 1,456(490) | 1,541(486) | 1,526(516) | 1,582(519) | 1,753(618) |
Total EPA+DPA+DHA (mg/day) | 48.3(318.3) | 50.4(311.0) | 65.0(359.9) | 48.3(315.8) | 75.4(396.8) |
Total vitamin A (μg/day) | 1,227(557) | 1,659(469) | 1,399(506) | 1,351(439) | 1,545(669) |
Total vitamin E (mg/day) | 16.4(34.8) | 22.0(26.3) | 19.6(29.1) | 17.8(22.9) | 23.8(40.0) |
Total vitamin C (mg/day) | 191(135) | 228(134) | 235(136) | 229(125) | 264(161) |
Total selenium (μg/day) | 62.9(25.2) | 90.3(22.3) | 80.3(21.2) | 81.8(15.8) | 92.5(28.5) |
Total zinc (mg/day) | 18.8(7.2) | 25.9(5.3) | 22.4(5.6) | 21.9(4.9) | 24.4(9.3) |