From: Caesarean delivery and subsequent pregnancy interval: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study, year | Country/ Study design | Study period/ Follow-up | Data source | Total sample | Interval used | Statistical tests used | Indication for Caesarean | Parity | Exclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eijsink, 2008 [32] | Holland / Cohort | 1998-2002/ Follow-up to 2005 | Single hospital database | 547 | IPI (scale) | Kaplan-Meier curves | Breech emergency & elective | Primiparous | Multiple deliveries, congenital malformations, uterine anomalies |
Collin, 2006 [10] | Sub-Saharan Africa / Cohort | 1993-2003/ Minimum follow-up 3 years | Cross-sectional standardised survey data from 22 countries | 35,398 | IPI ( >1 or <5 years) | Cox regression | No | Multiparous | Women with >1 terminated pregnancy; women currently breastfeeding; abstaining from intercourse or using contraception; women in South Africa (due to high elective Caesarean rates); stillbirths; women outside 14–49 years of age |
Smith, 2006 [18] | Scotland / Cohort | 1980-1984/ Follow-up to 1999 | Population-based database | 109,991 | IPI (scale) | Logistic regression | Emergency, elective for breech, all other pre-labour Caesarean | Primiparous | Multiple births, preterm births, perinatal deaths, missing values |
Murphy, 2002 [7] | UK / Cohort | 1991-1992/ Minimum follow-up 3 years | Self-completed questionnaire data | 3,994 | IPI (>1 or >3 years) | Logistic regression | No | Multiparous | Women with unplanned pregnancies |
Zdeb, 1984 [33] | USA/ Cohort | 1975/ Follow-up for 5 years | Single hospital database | 5,513 | IPI (scale) | X2 analysis | No | Primiparous | Stillbirths, high-forceps, mid-forceps, breech, version and extraction deliveries |
Tollånes, 2007 [16] | Norway/ Cohort | 1969-1996/ Follow-up to 2003 | Nationwide Birth Register | 596,341 | BI (scale) | Logistic regression | Breech, pre-eclampsia, low-risk Caesarean groups | Primiparous | Women dying aged <50, women who changed partners, multiple pregnancies |
Tower, 2000 [17] | UK / Cohort | 1992-1993/ Follow-up for 5 years | Single hospital database | 1,152 | BI, IPI (scale) | Not stated | Failure to progress, fetal distress | Primiparous | None stated |
Huttly, 1990 [34] | Brazil/ Cohort | 1982/ Follow-up for 4 years | Data obtained from interview of mothers | 4,683 | BI (within 35–52 months) | Not stated | No | Multiparous | Tubal ligation/ sterilisation |
Hemminki,1987 [37] | Sweden/ Cohort | 1973, 1976/ Follow-up for 5 years | Nationwide Birth Register survey data | 12,918 | BI (<5 years) | X2 analysis | No | Primiparous | Hysterectomy, non-Swedish women, rare blood groups, multiple pregnancies, malformations, birth weight <2000g, perinatal death |
LaSala, 1987 [35] | USA/ Case control | 1978/ Follow-up for 3 years | Single hospital logbook | 570 | BI (>2 years) | X2 analysis | No | Primiparous | Missing hospital records, sterilisation, women using contraception |
Hemminki,1985 [36] | USA/ Cohort | 1957-1982/ Minimum 1 year follow-up, maximum 25 years | Nationwide Birth Register | 812 | BI (scale) | Kaplan-Meier curves | No | Primiparous | Women outside 15–44 years of age; women living in Alaska or Hawaii; women with no live births or more than two abortions; multiple births; missing data; perinatal deaths; birth weight <1500g; women who put their child up for adoption |